Sibe
Written units
Section titled “Written units”| ID | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | |
| A | ᠠ᠋ e | ᠠ᠋᠊ a e i o u ue | ᠊᠇᠊ a e i sbm n ng | ᠊ᠠ᠌ a e n |
| Aa | ᠊ᠠ᠋ a e | |||
| Ah | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ e | ᠊ᡝ᠏ e | ||
| Ai | ᠊ᡟ᠊ ii | ᠊ᡟ ii | ||
| At | ᠊ᡝ᠌ e | |||
| B | ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ b | |
| Cc | ᡱ᠊ cr | ᠊ᡱ᠊ cr | ||
| Ch | ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ ch | ||
| Cs | ᡮ᠊ c | ᠊ᡮ᠊ c | ||
| D | ᠊ᠲ᠌᠊ t | |||
| Db | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ t | |||
| Dd | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ t | ᠊ᠳ t | ||
| Dh | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ d | |||
| Dt | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ d | |||
| G4 | ᠊ᡣ᠋ k | |||
| G | ᠬ᠌᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ ng k | ||
| G3 | ? ng | |||
| Gc | ᡥ᠋᠊ h | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ h | ||
| Gh | ᡤ᠋᠊ g | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ g | ||
| Gx | ᠬ᠏᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠏᠊ k | ᠊ᡣ᠌ k | |
| H | ᠬ᠍᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ k | ||
| Hc | ᡥ᠌᠊ h | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ h | ||
| Hh | ᡤ᠌᠊ g | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ g | ||
| I | ᠢ᠋ i | ᠢ᠋᠊ j | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ i ue | ᠊ᠢ i |
| I2 | ᠊ᡞ᠋ i | |||
| Ic | ᡲ᠊ zr | ᠊ᡲ᠊ zr | ||
| J2 | ᠊ᡪ᠊ j | |||
| K2 | ᠺ᠊ kh | ᠊ᠺ᠊ kh | ||
| Kc | ᡭ᠊ hh | ᠊ᡭ᠊ hh | ||
| Kh | ᡬ᠊ gh | ᠊ᡬ᠊ gh | ||
| L | ᠯ᠊ l | ᠊ᠯ᠊ l | ᠊ᠯ l | |
| M | ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ m | |
| N | ᠨ᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋ n | |
| Nx | ᠊ᡣ᠋᠊ k | ᠊ᡣ k | ||
| O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ o u ue | ᠊ᠣ᠋ o u | ||
| Oh | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ u | ᠊ᡠ᠌ u | ||
| Pb | ᡦ᠊ p | ᠊ᡦ᠊ p | ||
| R | ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ r | |
| Rr | ᡰ᠊ rh | ᠊ᡰ᠊ rh | ||
| S | ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ s | |
| Sp | ᡧ᠊ sh | ᠊ᡧ᠊ sh | ᠊ᡧ sh | |
| T | ᠲ᠊ t | |||
| Tb | ᡨ᠌᠊ t | |||
| Th | ᡩ᠌᠊ d | |||
| Tt | ᡩ᠋᠊ d | |||
| U | ᠊ᠣ᠌ o u | |||
| Ue | ᠊ᠥ᠋ ue | |||
| Uh | ᠊ᡠ᠏ u | |||
| V | ᡫ᠊ f | ᠊ᡫ᠊ f | ||
| W | ᠸ᠊ w | ᠊ᠧ᠊ w | ᠊ᠧ w | |
| Y | ᠶ᠌᠊ y | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ y | ||
| Zs | ᡯ᠊ z | ᠊ᡯ᠊ z | ||
| Zs2 | ᡯ᠋᠊ z | ᠊ᡯ᠋᠊ z | ||
Phonetic letters
Section titled “Phonetic letters”| Letter | FVS | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | - | ᠊ᠠ᠊ A | |||
| 1 | ᠊ᠠ᠋ Aa | ||||
| 2 | ᠠ᠌᠊ A A | ᠊ᠠ᠌ A | |||
| 3 | ᠠ᠍ A A | ||||
| 185D ᡝ e | - | ᡝ A | ᡝ᠊ A | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᡝ᠋᠊ A | ᠊ᡝ᠋ A | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ Ah | ᠊ᡝ᠌ At | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡝ᠍ Aa | ||||
| 4 | ᠊ᡝ᠏ Ah | ||||
| 185E ᡞ i | - | ᡞ᠊ A I | |||
| 1 | ᡞ᠋ I | ᠊ᡞ᠋ I2 | |||
| 2 | ᡞ᠌ A I | ᠊ᡞ᠌᠊ A I | ᠊ᡞ᠌ A I | ||
| 3 | ᠊ᡞ᠍᠊ I | ᠊ᡞ᠍ I | |||
| 1823 ᠣ o | - | ᠣ A O | ᠣ᠊ A O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ O | |
| 1 | ᠊ᠣ᠋ O | ||||
| 2 | ᠊ᠣ᠌ U | ||||
| 1860 ᡠ u | - | ᡠ A Oh | ᡠ᠊ A Oh | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᡠ᠋᠊ O | ᠊ᡠ᠋ U | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ Oh | ᠊ᡠ᠌ Oh | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡠ᠍ O | ||||
| 4 | ᠊ᡠ᠏ Uh | ||||
| 1861 ᡡ ue | - | ᡡ A Ue | ᡡ᠊ A O I | ᠊ᡡ᠊ O I | ᠊ᡡ Ue |
| 185F ᡟ ii | - | ᡟ → medi 0 | ᡟ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᡟ᠊ Ai | ᠊ᡟ Ai |
| 1807 ᠇ sbm | - | ᠇ → medi 0 | ᠇᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊᠇᠊ A | ᠊᠇ → medi 0 |
| 1828 ᠨ n | - | ᠨ → init 0 | ᠨ᠊ N | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ N | ᠊ᠨ᠋ N | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ A | ᠊ᠨ᠌ A | |||
| 1862 ᡢ ng | - | ᡢ → medi 0 | ᡢ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᡢ᠊ A G | ᠊ᡢ A G3 |
| 1863 ᡣ k | - | ᡣ → init 3 | ᠊ᡣ Nx | ||
| 1 | ᡣ᠋ → init 1 | ᡣ᠋᠊ G | ᠊ᡣ᠋᠊ Nx | ᠊ᡣ᠋ G4 | |
| 2 | ᡣ᠌ → init 2 | ᡣ᠌᠊ Gx | ᠊ᡣ᠌᠊ G | ᠊ᡣ᠌ Gx | |
| 3 | ᡣ᠍᠊ H | ᠊ᡣ᠍᠊ H | |||
| 4 | ᠊ᡣ᠏᠊ Gx | ||||
| 1864 ᡤ g | - | ᡤ → init 2 | ᠊ᡤ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡤ᠋ → init 1 | ᡤ᠋᠊ Gh | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ Gh | ||
| 2 | ᡤ᠌᠊ Hh | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ Hh | |||
| 1865 ᡥ h | - | ᡥ → init 2 | ᠊ᡥ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡥ᠋ → init 1 | ᡥ᠋᠊ Gc | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ Gc | ||
| 2 | ᡥ᠌᠊ Hc | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ Hc | |||
| 182A ᠪ b | - | ᠪ → init 0 | ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ B |
| 1866 ᡦ p | - | ᡦ → init 0 | ᡦ᠊ Pb | ᠊ᡦ᠊ Pb | ᠊ᡦ → medi 0 |
| 1830 ᠰ s | - | ᠰ → init 0 | ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ S |
| 1867 ᡧ sh | - | ᡧ → init 0 | ᡧ᠊ Sp | ᠊ᡧ᠊ Sp | ᠊ᡧ Sp |
| 1868 ᡨ t | - | ᡨ → init 2 | ᠊ᡨ Dd | ||
| 1 | ᡨ᠋ → init 1 | ᡨ᠋᠊ T | ᠊ᡨ᠋᠊ D | ||
| 2 | ᡨ᠌᠊ Tb | ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ Dd | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ Db | ||||
| 1869 ᡩ d | - | ᡩ → init 2 | ᠊ᡩ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡩ᠋ → init 1 | ᡩ᠋᠊ Tt | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ Dt | ||
| 2 | ᡩ᠌᠊ Th | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ Dh | |||
| 182F ᠯ l | - | ᠯ → init 0 | ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ L |
| 182E ᠮ m | - | ᠮ → init 0 | ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ M |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | - | ᠴ → init 0 | ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ → medi 0 |
| 186A ᡪ j | - | ᡪ → init 0 | ᡪ᠊ I | ᠊ᡪ᠊ J2 | ᠊ᡪ → medi 0 |
| 1836 ᠶ y | - | ᠶ → init 2 | ᠊ᠶ → medi 3 | ||
| 2 | ᠶ᠌᠊ Y | ||||
| 3 | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ Y | ||||
| 1837 ᠷ r | - | ᠷ → init 0 | ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ R |
| 186B ᡫ f | - | ᡫ → init 0 | ᡫ᠊ V | ᠊ᡫ᠊ V | ᠊ᡫ → medi 0 |
| 1838 ᠸ w | - | ᠸ → init 0 | ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ W |
| 183A ᠺ kh | - | ᠺ → init 0 | ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ → medi 0 |
| 186C ᡬ gh | - | ᡬ → init 0 | ᡬ᠊ Kh | ᠊ᡬ᠊ Kh | ᠊ᡬ → medi 0 |
| 186D ᡭ hh | - | ᡭ → init 0 | ᡭ᠊ Kc | ᠊ᡭ᠊ Kc | ᠊ᡭ → medi 0 |
| 186E ᡮ c | - | ᡮ → init 0 | ᡮ᠊ Cs | ᠊ᡮ᠊ Cs | ᠊ᡮ → medi 0 |
| 186F ᡯ z | - | ᡯ → init 0 | ᡯ᠊ Zs | ᠊ᡯ᠊ Zs | ᠊ᡯ → medi 0 |
| 1 | ᡯ᠋᠊ Zs2 | ᠊ᡯ᠋᠊ Zs2 | |||
| 1870 ᡰ rh | - | ᡰ → init 0 | ᡰ᠊ Rr | ᠊ᡰ᠊ Rr | ᠊ᡰ → medi 0 |
| 1871 ᡱ cr | - | ᡱ → init 0 | ᡱ᠊ Cc | ᠊ᡱ᠊ Cc | ᠊ᡱ → medi 0 |
| 1872 ᡲ zr | - | ᡲ → init 0 | ᡲ᠊ Ic | ᠊ᡲ᠊ Ic | ᠊ᡲ → medi 0 |
Final AI in letter i. Final AI in letter i is introduced in GB/T 36641—2018, where the written form AI of letter i, in the examples jui, is the differing form derived from letter analysis. Since jusbmi is preferred, the written form is marked in gray.
Letter j. Since the establishment of the Sibe–Solon Cultural Association in 1947, the Association has made modifications to the Sibe orthography. In the scheme given by the Association, both the initial and medial forms of the letter j use the written form I. However, in the subsequent practice of using the Sibe writing system, it was found that this modification would cause confusion of words. Therefore, in all kinds of recently published books, newspapers and dictionaries, the written form J2 is used instead of I.
Letter z. Unlike Manchu, in the Sibe zi, the stroke in z evolved into a long tooth, forming a zi ligature. In the literature, the i part of the Sibe zi ligature is considered equivalent to the i part of the ligature with bowed letter, which led GB/T 36641—2018 to introduce the upper part of the zi ligature that is considered to belong to z. However, this part never appears separately in non-ligature places and is therefore not considered as separate written forms of the letter z.
Shaping process
Section titled “Shaping process”Letter classes
Section titled “Letter classes”| Class | Letters |
| masculine vowel | |
| feminine vowel | |
| neuter vowel | |
| vowel | |
| consonant | sbm, n, ng, k, g, h, b, p, s, sh, t, d, l, m, ch, j, y, r, f, w, kh, gh, hh, c, z, rh, cr, zr |
| masculine bowed written unit | |
| feminine bowed written unit | |
| neuter bowed written unit |
Mongolian-specific phase
Section titled “Mongolian-specific phase”| Shaping step | Letters | Condition | Mapping type |
| 2. Syllabic | if follows an initial consonant: | marked | |
| z | if precedes i: | marked | |
| feminine, feminine_marked | |||
| n | if precedes a vowel: | onset | |
| else if precedes a consonant: | feminine | ||
| masculine_onset | |||
| feminine | |||
| else if follows a vowel: | devsger | ||
| if precedes a masculine vowel: | masculine_onset | ||
| else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel: | feminine | ||
| else if follows a vowel: | devsger | ||
| 3. Particle | i | if follows an MVS: | particle |
| 4. Devsger | i | if follows a vowel: | vowel_devsger |
| 5. Post-bowed | if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a masculine bowed written unit: | post_bowed | |
| if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a feminine bowed written unit: | post_bowed, post_bowed_feminine |
Conditional mapping
Section titled “Conditional mapping”| Letter | Mapping type | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | default | ᠠ᠍ | ᠠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠌ |
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠠ᠋ | ||||
| 185D ᡝ e | default | ᡝ | ᡝ᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠏ |
| feminine | ᠊ᡝ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠋ | |||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᡝ᠌ | ||||
| post_bowed_feminine | ᠊ᡝ᠍ | ||||
| 185E ᡞ i | default | ᡞ᠌ | ᡞ᠊ | ᠊ᡞ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡞ᠍ |
| particle | ᡞ᠋ | ||||
| vowel_devsger | ᠊ᡞ᠌᠊ | ||||
| 1823 ᠣ o | default | ᠣ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠌ |
| marked | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| 1860 ᡠ u | default | ᡠ | ᡠ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠏ |
| marked | ᠊ᡠ᠌ | ||||
| feminine | ᠊ᡠ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠋ | |||
| feminine_marked | ᠊ᡠ᠍ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᡠ᠌ | ||||
| post_bowed_feminine | ᠊ᡠ᠍ | ||||
| 1861 ᡡ ue | default | ᡡ | ᡡ᠊ | ᠊ᡡ᠊ | ᠊ᡡ |
| 185F ᡟ ii | default | ᡟ | ᡟ᠊ | ᠊ᡟ᠊ | ᠊ᡟ |
| 1807 ᠇ sbm | default | ᠇ | ᠇᠊ | ᠊᠇᠊ | ᠊᠇ |
| 1828 ᠨ n | default | ᠨ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ |
| onset | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ | ||||
| devsger | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ||||
| 1862 ᡢ ng | default | ᡢ | ᡢ᠊ | ᠊ᡢ᠊ | ᠊ᡢ |
| 1863 ᡣ k | default | ᡣ | ᡣ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡣ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡣ |
| devsger | ᠊ᡣ᠋᠊ | ||||
| masculine_onset | ᡣ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡣ᠍᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡣ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡣ᠌᠊ | |||
| 1864 ᡤ g | default | ᡤ | ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ |
| masculine_onset | ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡤ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1865 ᡥ h | default | ᡥ | ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ |
| masculine_onset | ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡥ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ | |||
| 182A ᠪ b | default | ᠪ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ |
| 1866 ᡦ p | default | ᡦ | ᡦ᠊ | ᠊ᡦ᠊ | ᠊ᡦ |
| 1830 ᠰ s | default | ᠰ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ |
| 1867 ᡧ sh | default | ᡧ | ᡧ᠊ | ᠊ᡧ᠊ | ᠊ᡧ |
| 1868 ᡨ t | default | ᡨ | ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡨ |
| devsger | ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ | ||||
| masculine_onset | ᡨ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠋᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ | |||
| 1869 ᡩ d | default | ᡩ | ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ |
| masculine_onset | ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡩ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ | |||
| 182F ᠯ l | default | ᠯ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ |
| 182E ᠮ m | default | ᠮ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | default | ᠴ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ |
| 186A ᡪ j | default | ᡪ | ᡪ᠊ | ᠊ᡪ᠊ | ᠊ᡪ |
| 1836 ᠶ y | default | ᠶ | ᠶ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠶ |
| 1837 ᠷ r | default | ᠷ | ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ |
| 186B ᡫ f | default | ᡫ | ᡫ᠊ | ᠊ᡫ᠊ | ᠊ᡫ |
| 1838 ᠸ w | default | ᠸ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ |
| 183A ᠺ kh | default | ᠺ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ |
| 186C ᡬ gh | default | ᡬ | ᡬ᠊ | ᠊ᡬ᠊ | ᠊ᡬ |
| 186D ᡭ hh | default | ᡭ | ᡭ᠊ | ᠊ᡭ᠊ | ᠊ᡭ |
| 186E ᡮ c | default | ᡮ | ᡮ᠊ | ᠊ᡮ᠊ | ᠊ᡮ |
| 186F ᡯ z | default | ᡯ | ᡯ᠊ | ᠊ᡯ᠊ | ᠊ᡯ |
| marked | ᡯ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡯ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1870 ᡰ rh | default | ᡰ | ᡰ᠊ | ᠊ᡰ᠊ | ᠊ᡰ |
| 1871 ᡱ cr | default | ᡱ | ᡱ᠊ | ᠊ᡱ᠊ | ᠊ᡱ |
| 1872 ᡲ zr | default | ᡲ | ᡲ᠊ | ᠊ᡲ᠊ | ᠊ᡲ |
References
Section titled “References”-
Information technology — Sibe nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 36641—2018.
-
Liang Jinbao. (2021). The Transferring rules of Sibe nominal form to variant form. Research on Mongolian Encodings, version 0.1.0 (May 1, 2020).
-
Quejingzhabu. (2013). “Encoding of Sibe, in: 确精扎布蒙古文信息处理专辑. Hohhot: Inner Mongolian Education Press, pp. 310–320.
-
新疆维吾尔自治区民族语言文字工作委员会. (1992). 现代锡伯文学语言正字法. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Press.
-
Yang Zhenyuan. (2013). 锡汉教学词典. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Press.
-
She Tuken. (2009). 锡伯语语法通论. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Press.
-
Jang Taeho. (2008). Sibe grammar. Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House.