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This is the editor’s draft of the Mongolian UTN.

Manchu

Written units

IDVariantsLigated Variants
isolinitmedifinainitmedifina
A
Aa
Ah
Ai
At
B

Cc
Ch
Cs
D
Db
Dd
Dh
Dt
G

G4
Gc

Gh

Gx

H
Hc
Hh
Hx
Hx2
I
Ic
Iy
J
Jc
K2

Kc

Kh

L
M
M3
N
Ni
O
Oh
Pb

R
R2
Rr
S
Sp
T
Tb
Th
Tt
U
Ue
Uh
V
W
Y
Zs

Phonetic letters

LetterFVSVariants
isolinitmedifina
1820
ᠠ a		-
A
1
Aa
2 
A A
A
3 
A A
185D
ᡝ e		-
A		 
A Ni
1
A
A
2
Ah
At
3
Aa
4
Ah
1873
ᡳ i		- 
A I
1
I		 
I I
Iy
2 
A I		 
A I
I
3
I
1823
ᠣ o		- 
A O		 
A O
O
1
O
2
U
1860
ᡠ u		- 
A Oh		 
A Oh
1
O
U
2
Oh
Oh
3
O
4
Uh
1861
ᡡ ue		- 
A Ue		 
A O I		 
O I
Ue
185F
ᡟ ii		-
→ medi
→ medi
Ai
Ai
1807
᠇ sbm		-
→ medi
→ medi
A
→ medi
1828
ᠨ n		-
→ init
N
1
N
N
2
A
A
1829
ᠩ ng		- 
→ medi		 
→ medi		 
A G		 
A G
1874
ᡴ k		-
→ init 3
1
→ init 1
G
Hx
G4
2
→ init 2
Gx
G
Gx
3
H
H
Hx2
4
Gx
1864
ᡤ g		-
→ init 2
→ medi 2
1
→ init 1
Gh
Gh
2
Hh
Hh
1865
ᡥ h		-
→ init 2
→ medi 2
1
→ init 1
Gc
Gc
2
Hc
Hc
182A
ᠪ b		-
→ init
B
B
B
1866
ᡦ p		-
→ init
Pb
Pb
→ medi
1830
ᠰ s		-
→ init
S
S
S
1867
ᡧ sh		-
→ init
Sp
Sp
Sp
1868
ᡨ t		-
→ init 2
Dd
1
→ init 1
Tb
Db
2
T
Dd
3
D
1869
ᡩ d		-
→ init 2
→ medi 2
1
→ init 1
Tt
Dt
2
Th
Dh
182F
ᠯ l		-
→ init
L
L
L
182E
ᠮ m		-
→ init
M
M
M3
1834
ᠴ ch		-
→ init
Ch
Ch
→ medi
1835
ᠵ j		-
→ init
I
J
→ medi
1836
ᠶ y		-
→ init 2
→ medi 3
2
Y
3
Y
1875
ᡵ r		-
→ init
R
R
R2
1876
ᡶ f		-
→ init 2
→ medi 2
1
→ init 1
W
W
2
V
V
1838
ᠸ w		-
→ init
W
W
→ medi
183A
ᠺ kh		-
→ init
K2
K2
→ medi
186C
ᡬ gh		-
→ init
Kh
Kh
→ medi
186D
ᡭ hh		-
→ init
Kc
Kc
→ medi
186E
ᡮ c		-
→ init
Cs
Cs
→ medi
186F
ᡯ z		-
→ init 2
→ medi 2
2
Zs
Zs
1870
ᡰ rh		-
→ init
Rr
Rr
→ medi
1871
ᡱ cr		-
→ init
Cc
Cc
→ medi
1877
ᡷ zr		-
→ init
Ic
Jc
→ medi

Shaping process

Letter classes

ClassLetters
masculine vowel a, o, ue
feminine vowel e, u
neuter vowel i
vowel a, e, i, o, u, ue, ii
consonant sbm, n, ng, k, g, h, b, p, s, sh, t, d, l, m, ch, j, y, r, f, w, kh, gh, hh, c, z, rh, cr, zr
masculine bowed written unit

K2, Kh, Kc

feminine bowed written unit

G, Gh, Gc, Gx

neuter bowed written unit

B, Pb

Mongolian-specific phase

Shaping stepLettersConditionMapping type
2. Syllabic

o, u

if follows an initial consonant:marked
f

if precedes i or o or u or ue:

marked
i

if follows z:

marked

e, u

if follows t or d or k or g or h:

feminine, feminine_marked
nif precedes a vowel:onset
else if precedes a consonant:devsger

t, d

if precedes a or i or o:

masculine_onset

else if precedes e or u or ue:

feminine
else if precedes a consonant:devsger

else if a vowel precedes t:

devsger

k, g, h

if precedes a masculine vowel:masculine_onset
else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel:feminine

else if k follows e that follows t:

masculine_devsger

else if k follows u that follows k or g or h:

feminine

else if k follows e or ue:

feminine

else k:

masculine_devsger
3. Particleiif follows an MVS:particle
4. Devsgeriif follows a vowel:vowel_devsger
5. Post-bowed

a, o

if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a masculine bowed written unit:post_bowed

e, u

if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a feminine bowed written unit:post_bowed, post_bowed_feminine

Conditional mapping

LetterMapping typeVariants
isolinitmedifina
1820
ᠠ a		default 
post_bowed
185D
ᡝ e		default 
marked
feminine
feminine_marked
post_bowed
post_bowed_feminine
1873
ᡳ i		default 
marked
particle
vowel_devsger
1823
ᠣ o		default 
marked
post_bowed
1860
ᡠ u		default 
marked
feminine
feminine_marked
post_bowed
post_bowed_feminine
1861
ᡡ ue		default  
185F
ᡟ ii		default
1807
᠇ sbm		default
1828
ᠨ n		default
onset
devsger
1829
ᠩ ng		default   
1874
ᡴ k		default
masculine_onset
masculine_devsger
feminine
1864
ᡤ g		default
masculine_onset
feminine
1865
ᡥ h		default
masculine_onset
feminine
182A
ᠪ b		default
1866
ᡦ p		default
1830
ᠰ s		default
1867
ᡧ sh		default
1868
ᡨ t		default
devsger
masculine_onset
feminine
1869
ᡩ d		default
masculine_onset
feminine
182F
ᠯ l		default
182E
ᠮ m		default
1834
ᠴ ch		default
1835
ᠵ j		default
1836
ᠶ y		default
1875
ᡵ r		default
1876
ᡶ f		default
marked
1838
ᠸ w		default
183A
ᠺ kh		default
186C
ᡬ gh		default
186D
ᡭ hh		default
186E
ᡮ c		default
186F
ᡯ z		default
1870
ᡰ rh		default
1871
ᡱ cr		default
1877
ᡷ zr		default

Particle mapping

When the nominal spelling of a particle in the table below occurs in text, its letters are reshaped using the particle mapping (step 3 in the shaping process above). In the written form, the written units shown in blue are those whose shape is determined by the particle condition. A particle prefixed with mvs is a standalone particle that follows a Mongolian vowel separator; the preceding MVS is then widened to set it off.

ParticleForm
mvs i 

References

  • Information technology — Manchu nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 36645—2018.

  • Liang Jinbao. (2021). The Transferring rules of Manchu nominal form to variant form. Research on Mongolian Encodings, version 0.1.0 (May 1, 2020).

  • Quejingzhabu. (2013). “Encoding of Manchu”, in: 确精扎布蒙古文信息处理专辑. Hohhot: Inner Mongolian Education Press, pp. 321–334.

  • An Shuangcheng. (1993). 满汉大辞典. Shenyang: Liaoning Ethnic Publishing House.

  • Liu Jingxian, Zhao Aping, Zhao Jinchun. (1997). 满语研究通论. Mudanjiang: Heilongjiang Chaoxian Ethnic Publishing House.

  • Huang Xihui. (2012). “Research on the initial form and medial form of zi in Manchu writing system”, in: Manchu Studies, 28(2), pp. 5–10.