Hudum Ali Gali

Written units

ID	Variants				Ligated Variants
ID	isol	init	medi	fina	init	medi	fina
A	 a	 a iX ue ee o hh hX	 a ng n hX	 a n			
Aa	 a			 a			
B		 b	 b	 b	 	 
B2				 b
Bg		 pX	 pX	 pX	 	 
C		 c	 c	 c
Ch		 ch	 ch	 ch
Cr2		 trhX	 trhX
Dq		 dX	 dX	 dX
Ds		 drX	 drX	 drX
Dv		 tX	 tX	 tX
G		 kX	 kX ng ngX	 ng	 	 
G4				 ngX
Hr			 hh hX lh	 hh hX
I		 yX	 iX ue yX			
I4				 iX
J		 crX	 crX	 crX
K		 k	 k	 k	 	 
K2		 k2	 k2	 k2	 	 
L		 l lh	 l lh	 l		
M		 mX	 mX			
M2				 mX
N		 ngX n	 ngX n
Ny		 nyX	 nyX	 nyX
O			 ue o	 ue o			
Pg		 phX	 phX		 	 
Q		 qX	 qX
R		 r	 r	 r
Rh2		 zrX	 zrX
S		 s	 s	 s
Sh		 sh	 sh	 sh
Sx		 shX	 shX	 shX
Tp		 thX	 thX	 thX
U				 ue o
Ue				 ue			
Vi				 kX
W		 w	 ee w	 ee w
Wn		 nrX	 nrX
Wp			 waX
Z		 z	 z	 z
Zc		 cX	 cX	 cX
Zr2		 trX	 trX	 trX
Zz3		 zX	 zX	 zX

Phonetic letters

Letter	FVS	Variants
Letter	FVS	isol	init	medi	fina
1820 ᠠ a	-			 A
	1	 A	 A	 A A	 Aa
	2	 Aa	 A A		 A
	3	 A A
1888 ᢈ iX	-	 A I4	 A I	 I	 I4
1826 ᠦ ue	-	 A Ue
	1	 A U		 O I
	2		 A O I		 O
	3			 O	 U
1827 ᠧ ee	-	 A W	 A W	 W	 W
1823 ᠣ o	-	 A O	 A O	 O
	1				 O
	2				 U
1889 ᢉ kX	-	 → init	 G	 G	 G Vi
183B ᠻ k	-	 → init	 K	 K	 K
183A ᠺ k2	-	 → init	 K2	 K2	 K2
183E ᠾ hh	-	 → init	 A Hr	 Hr	 Hr
1829 ᠩ ng	-	 → medi	 → medi	 A G	 A G
188A ᢊ ngX	-	 → init	 N G	 N G	 N G4
188B ᢋ cX	-	 → init	 Zc	 Zc	 Zc
183C ᠼ c	-	 → init	 C	 C	 C
183D ᠽ z	-	 → init	 Z	 Z	 Z
185B ᡛ nyX	-	 → init	 Ny	 Ny	 Ny
188C ᢌ trX	-	 → init	 Zr2	 Zr2	 Zr2
188D ᢍ trhX	-	 → init	 Cr2	 Cr2	 → medi
188E ᢎ drX	-	 → init	 Ds	 Ds	 Ds
188F ᢏ nrX	-	 → init	 Wn	 Wn	 → medi
1890 ᢐ tX	-	 → init	 Dv	 Dv	 Dv
1850 ᡐ thX	-	 → init	 Tp	 Tp	 Tp
1891 ᢑ dX	-	 → init	 Dq	 Dq	 Dq
1828 ᠨ n	-	 → init	 N
	1			 N
	2			 A	 A
1892 ᢒ pX	-	 → init	 Bg	 Bg	 Bg
1893 ᢓ phX	-	 → init	 Pg	 Pg	 → medi
182A ᠪ b	-	 → init	 B	 B	 B
182A ᠪ b	1				 B2
184F ᡏ mX	-	 → init	 M	 M	 M2
1855 ᡕ yX	-	 → init	 I	 I	 → medi
1837 ᠷ r	-	 → init	 R	 R	 R
182F ᠯ l	-	 → init	 L	 L	 L
1838 ᠸ w	-	 → init	 W	 W	 W
18A6 ᢦ waX	-	 → medi	 → medi	 Wp	 → medi
1831 ᠱ sh	-	 → init 2			 Sh
1831 ᠱ sh	2		 Sh	 Sh
1894 ᢔ shX	-	 → init	 Sx	 Sx	 Sx
1830 ᠰ s	-	 → init	 S	 S	 S
1859 ᡙ hX	-	 → init	 A Hr	 A Hr	 A Hr
1854 ᡔ crX	-	 → init	 J	 J	 J
1834 ᠴ ch	-	 → init	 Ch	 Ch	 Ch
1895 ᢕ zrX	-	 → init	 Rh2	 Rh2	 → medi
1896 ᢖ zX	-	 → init	 Zz3	 Zz3	 Zz3
1897 ᢗ qX	-	 → init	 Q	 Q	 → medi
1840 ᡀ lh	-	 → init	 L Hr	 L Hr	 → medi

Final A G in letter ng. Both final N G4 and final A G4 are used to record Tibetan /ŋ/ in Buddhist Mantras. The final A G4 is considered as a variant of final A G, and the two shapes correspond to the same written form.

Shaping process

Letter classes

Class	Letters
vowel	a, iX, ue, ee, o
consonant	kX, k, k2, hh, ng, ngX, cX, c, z, nyX, trX, trhX, drX, nrX, tX, thX, dX, n, pX, phX, b, mX, yX, r, l, w, waX, sh, shX, s, hX, crX, ch, zrX, zX, qX, lh
bowed written unit	G, K, K2, Bg, Pg, B

Mongolian-specific phase

Shaping step	Letters	Condition	Mapping type
1. Chachlag	a	if follows an MVS:	`chachlag`
2. Syllabic	ü	if follows an initial consonant or an initial consonant cluster:	`marked`
2. Syllabic	a	if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a:	`chachlag_onset`
5. Post-bowed	a, o, ue	if follows a bowed written unit:	`post_bowed`

post_wa. The written form A of letter a is substituted by the post_wa form when it follows waX.

Conditional mapping

Letter	Mapping type	Variants
Letter	Mapping type	isol	init	medi	fina
1820 ᠠ a	`default`				
	`chachlag`	
	`chachlag_onset`				
	`post_bowed`				
1888 ᢈ iX	`default`				
1826 ᠦ ue	`default`				
	`marked`			
	`post_bowed`				
1827 ᠧ ee	`default`				
1823 ᠣ o	`default`				
1823 ᠣ o	`post_bowed`				
1889 ᢉ kX	`default`				
183B ᠻ k	`default`				
183A ᠺ k2	`default`				
183E ᠾ hh	`default`				
1829 ᠩ ng	`default`				
188A ᢊ ngX	`default`				
188B ᢋ cX	`default`				
183C ᠼ c	`default`				
183D ᠽ z	`default`				
185B ᡛ nyX	`default`				
188C ᢌ trX	`default`				
188D ᢍ trhX	`default`				
188E ᢎ drX	`default`				
188F ᢏ nrX	`default`				
1890 ᢐ tX	`default`				
1850 ᡐ thX	`default`				
1891 ᢑ dX	`default`				
1828 ᠨ n	`default`				
1892 ᢒ pX	`default`				
1893 ᢓ phX	`default`				
182A ᠪ b	`default`				
184F ᡏ mX	`default`				
1855 ᡕ yX	`default`				
1837 ᠷ r	`default`				
182F ᠯ l	`default`				
1838 ᠸ w	`default`				
18A6 ᢦ waX	`default`				
1831 ᠱ sh	`default`				
1894 ᢔ shX	`default`				
1830 ᠰ s	`default`				
1859 ᡙ hX	`default`				
1854 ᡔ crX	`default`				
1834 ᠴ ch	`default`				
1895 ᢕ zrX	`default`				
1896 ᢖ zX	`default`				
1897 ᢗ qX	`default`				
1840 ᡀ lh	`default`				

References

Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2023.
Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2010.
Information technology — The Transferring rules of Traditional Mongolian nominal form to variant form. Mongolian Language and Script Digital Resource Construction and Sharing Project, Mongolian script standard for information processing, MGC/01-01, version 1.0.5 (June 18, 2021).
Zheng Weizhe, Wang Yihua. (2017). Glyph corrections for Ali Gali final forms in the Mongolian block. L2/17-115R.
Дьердь Кара. (1972). Книги Монгольских Кочевников. Москва: Издательства «Наука».
Wurihan. (2019). Study on the revival font development of the Kangxi version of Mongolian Kanjur. Master thesis, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University.
汉满蒙藏四体合璧大藏全咒, 同文韵统, 阿礼嘎礼读咒法. 民国十八年上海涵芬楼影印清乾隆内府刻本.