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This is the editor’s draft of the Mongolian UTN.

Hudum

Written units

IDVariantsLigated Variants
isolinitmedifinainitmedifina
A
a e
a e ee i o u oe ue n hh
a e i o u oe ue n ng
a e n
Aa
a e
a e
B
b
b
b

B2
b
C
c
c
c
Ch
ch
ch
ch
Cr
cr
D
d
t d
d
Dd
d
d
F
f
f
f

G
h g
ng h g
ng g

Gx
h g
h g

H
h g
h g
h g
Hr
hh lh
hh
Hx
h g
h g
h g
I
i j
i j y
i oe ue y
i j y
Ix
i
J
j
j
K
k
k
k

K2
k2
k2
k2

L
l lh
l lh
l
M
m
m
m
N
n
n
n
O
u ue
o u oe ue w
o u oe ue
P
p
p
p

R
r
r
r
Rh
rh
rh
rh
S
s sh
s sh
s
Sh
sh
sh
sh
Sz
s
T
t d
t
t
U
u ue
o u oe ue w
Ue
oe ue
Ux
u ue
W
w
ee w
ee w
Y
y
y
Z
z
z
z
Zr
zr

Written form W. Written form W is used in Hudum letter ee and w, but has different origin in these two letters, since the form W in ee comes from Tibetan letter e, and the form W in w comes from beth.

Phonetic letters

The variants in gray indicate the fabricated variants, i.e. variants borrowed from other joining positions. The variants in yellow indicate the variants that are unattested in the modern orthography of Traditional Mongolian.

LetterFVSVariants
isolinitmedifina
1820
ᠠ a		-
A
1
A
A		
A A
Aa
2
Aa		
A A
A
3 
A A
1821
ᠡ e		-
A
A
1
Aa		
A A
Aa
2
A
A
1827
ᠧ ee		- 
A W		
A W
W
W
1822
ᠢ i		-
I
1
I
I		
A I
2
Ix		
A I		
I I
3 
A I
I
1823
ᠣ o		- 
A O		
A O
O
1 
A O
O
2
U
1824
ᠤ u		-
O
1
U
O		
A O
O
2
Ux		
A O
U
3 
A O
1825
ᠥ oe		- 
A Ue		
A O I
1 
A U		
O I
Ue
2 
A O I
O
3
O
U
1826
ᠦ ue		- 
A Ue
1 
A U
O		
O I
Ue
2
U		
A O I		
A O I
O
3
Ux
O
U
1828
ᠨ n		-
→ init
N
1
→ init 1
A
N
N
2
A
A
1829
ᠩ ng		- 
→ medi		
→ medi		
A G		
A G
182A
ᠪ b		-
→ init
B
B
B
1
B2
182B
ᠫ p		-
→ init
P
P
P
182C
ᠬ h		-
→ init 3
H
1
→ init 1
Hx
Hx
Hx
2
→ init 2
G
G
3
H
H
4
→ init 4
Gx
Gx
182D
ᠭ g		-
→ init 3
1
→ init 1
H
Hx
H
2
→ init 2
G
G
G
3
Hx
H
Hx
4
→ init 4
Gx
Gx
182E
ᠮ m		-
→ init
M
M
M
182F
ᠯ l		-
→ init
L
L
L
1830
ᠰ s		-
→ init
S
S
S
1
Sz
1831
ᠱ sh		-
→ init 2
Sh
1
→ init 1
S
S
2
Sh
Sh
1832
ᠲ t		-
→ init
T
T
1
T
2
D
1833
ᠳ d		-
→ init 1
Dd
1
→ init 2
D
D
D
2
T
Dd
1834
ᠴ ch		-
→ init
Ch
Ch
Ch
1835
ᠵ j		-
→ init
I
J
J
1
I
I
1836
ᠶ y		-
→ init 2
I
1
→ init 1
I
I
2
Y		
I I
3
Y
1837
ᠷ r		-
→ init
R
R
R
1838
ᠸ w		-
→ init
W
W
W
1
O
U
1839
ᠹ f		-
→ init
F
F
F
183A
ᠺ k2		-
→ init
K2
K2
K2
183B
ᠻ k		-
→ init
K
K
K
183C
ᠼ c		-
→ init
C
C
C
183D
ᠽ z		-
→ init
Z
Z
Z
183E
ᠾ hh		- 
→ init		
A Hr
Hr
Hr
183F
ᠿ rh		-
→ init
Rh
Rh
Rh
1840
ᡀ lh		- 
→ init		
L Hr		
L Hr		
→ medi
1841
ᡁ zr		-
→ init
Zr
→ init
→ init
1842
ᡂ cr		-
→ init
Cr
→ init
→ init

Isolated Ix and isolated Ux. Isolated Ix and isolated Ux are used historically, with examples shown in (Dorji et al., 2017). In some Traditional Mongolian literature, even if the letter n before isolated Ix or Ux is omitted, the left point is retained and therefore has to be consistently analyzed as belonging to i, u or ue.

Final I in letter j. Final I in letter j is introduced in (Dorji et al., 2017), where the written form of j in the example bui–j·a is not final, but isolated. Since there are currently no examples exist to prove its existence, the written form is marked in gray, but the shaping process still supports the theoretical existence of a word with final I in letter j and chachlag.

Medial II in letter y and medial O in letter w. Medial II in letter y and medial O in letter w are introduced in (Dorji et al., 2017), where the written form II of letter y in the examples ayl and aymag, and the written form O of letter w in the example tawlay are all differences derived from letter analysis. Since ail, aimag and taulai are preferred, these written forms are marked in gray.

Letter k2 (K2) and letter k (K). Letter k2 in form K2 is used to represent /kʰ/ (Latin: k) in Hudum literature in China, while letter k in form K is used to represent /kʰ/ (Cyrillic: к) in Hudum literature in Mongolia. The reason for disunifying the two letters is that Hudum Ali Gali uses K2 to record /ɡ/ and uses K to record /kʰ/.

Medial Hr in letter hh and initial Zr in letter zr. Medial Hr in letter hh and initial Zr in letter zr are similar, so they are unified in proposals such as (SAH, 2017). The reason for disunifying the two written units is that Hudum Ali Gali uses Hr to record /ɦ/ and to indicate aspiration, and uses Zr to record /ʈ/.

Shaping process

Letter classes

ClassLetters
masculine vowel

a, o, u

feminine vowel

e, ee, oe, ue

neuter vowel

i

vowel

a, e, ee, i, o, u, oe, ue

consonant

n, ng, b, p, h, g, m, l, s, sh, t, d, ch, j, y, r, w, f, k2, k, c, z, hh, rh, lh, zr, cr

bowed written unit

G, Gx, K, K2, B, P, F

Mongolian-specific phase

Shaping stepLettersConditionMapping type
1. Chachlag

a, e

if follows an MVS:chachlag

a, e

if follows an MVS and precedes an FVS:default
2. Syllabic

o, u, oe, ue

if follows an initial consonant:marked

o, u, oe, ue

if precedes an FVS or follows an FVS:default

oe, ue

if final form follows an FVS2 or FVS4 that follows h or g in initial position:

marked

oe, ue

if medial form follows a consonant cluster that starts with an initial consonant:marked
dif precedes a final vowel that does not precedes an FVS:marked

n, j, w

if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a or an isolated e:

chachlag_onset

h, g

if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a:

chachlag_onset
g

if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated e:

chachlag_onset_gb

n, t, d

if precedes a vowel:onset
else if precedes a consonant:devsger
else if initial form precedes a final vowel:onset

h, g

if precedes a masculine vowel:masculine_onset
else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel:feminine
else if follows a masculine vowel:masculine_devsger
else if follows a feminine vowel:feminine
else if remotely follows a masculine vowel without a blocking feminine vowel:masculine_devsger
else if remotely follows a feminine vowel without a blocking masculine vowel:feminine
else if remotely precedes a masculine vowel without a blocking feminine vowel:masculine_devsger
else:feminine
t

if precedes ee or a consonant:

devsger
sh

if initial form precedes medial i, or medial form precedes i:

dotless
g

if follows s or d:

dotless
3. Particle

a, e, i, u, ue, d, y

if is in the specific particle dictionary that follows an MVS:particle

u, ue

if is in the specific particle dictionary:particle
4. Devsgeri

if follows a vowel that does not end with a written unit I:

vowel_devsger
i

if follows a vowel that will not (consider FVS) end with a written unit I:

vowel_devsger
5. Post-bowed

o, u, oe, ue

if is in the written form of U and follows a bowed written unit:

post_bowed

a, e

if is in the written form of A and follows a bowed written unit:

post_bowed

Conditional mapping

LetterMapping typeVariants
isolinitmedifina
1820
ᠠ a		default 
chachlag
particle
post_bowed
1821
ᠡ e		default
chachlag
particle
post_bowed
1827
ᠧ ee		default 
1822
ᠢ i		default 
particle
vowel_devsger
1823
ᠣ o		default 
marked
post_bowed
1824
ᠤ u		default 
marked
particle
post_bowed
1825
ᠥ oe		default 
marked
post_bowed
1826
ᠦ ue		default 
marked
particle
post_bowed
1828
ᠨ n		default
chachlag_onset
onset
devsger
1829
ᠩ ng		default   
182A
ᠪ b		default
182B
ᠫ p		default
182C
ᠬ h		default
chachlag_onset
masculine_onset
masculine_devsger
feminine
182D
ᠭ g		default
chachlag_onset
chachlag_onset_gb
masculine_onset
masculine_devsger
feminine
dotless
182E
ᠮ m		default
182F
ᠯ l		default
1830
ᠰ s		default
1831
ᠱ sh		default
dotless
1832
ᠲ t		default
devsger
1833
ᠳ d		default
marked
onset
devsger
particle
1834
ᠴ ch		default
1835
ᠵ j		default
chachlag_onset
1836
ᠶ y		default
particle
1837
ᠷ r		default
1838
ᠸ w		default
chachlag_onset
1839
ᠹ f		default
183A
ᠺ k2		default
183B
ᠻ k		default
183C
ᠼ c		default
183D
ᠽ z		default
183E
ᠾ hh		default 
183F
ᠿ rh		default
1840
ᡀ lh		default   
1841
ᡁ zr		default
1842
ᡂ cr		default

References