Manchu
Written units
Section titled “Written units”| ID | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | |
| A | ᠠ᠋ e | ᠠ᠋᠊ a e i o u ue | ᠊᠇᠊ a e i sbm n ng | ᠊ᠠ᠌ a e n |
| Aa | ᠊ᠠ᠋ a e | |||
| Ah | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ e | ᠊ᡝ᠏ e | ||
| Ai | ᠊ᡟ᠊ ii | ᠊ᡟ ii | ||
| At | ᠊ᡝ᠌ e | |||
| B | ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ b | |
| Cc | ᡱ᠊ cr | ᠊ᡱ᠊ cr | ||
| Ch | ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ ch | ||
| Cs | ᡮ᠊ c | ᠊ᡮ᠊ c | ||
| D | ᠊ᠲ᠌᠊ t | |||
| Db | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ t | |||
| Dd | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ t | ᠊ᠳ t | ||
| Dh | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ d | |||
| Dt | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ d | |||
| G4 | ᠊ᡣ᠋ k | |||
| G | ᠬ᠌᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ ng k | ᠊ᠭ᠌ ng | |
| Gc | ᡥ᠋᠊ h | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ h | ||
| Gh | ᡤ᠋᠊ g | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ g | ||
| Gx | ᠬ᠏᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠏᠊ k | ᠊ᡣ᠌ k | |
| H | ᠬ᠍᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ k | ||
| Hc | ᡥ᠌᠊ h | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ h | ||
| Hh | ᡤ᠌᠊ g | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ g | ||
| Hx | ᠊ᠬ᠋᠊ k | ᠊ᠬ᠋ k | ||
| I | ᠢ᠋ i | ᠢ᠋᠊ j | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ i ue | ᠊ᠢ i |
| I2 | ᠊ᡞ᠋ i | |||
| Ic | ᡲ᠊ zr | |||
| Iy | ᠊ᡳ᠌ i | |||
| J | ᠊ᠵ᠊ j | |||
| Jc | ᠊ᡷ᠊ zr | |||
| K2 | ᠺ᠊ kh | ᠊ᠺ᠊ kh | ||
| Kc | ᡭ᠊ hh | ᠊ᡭ᠊ hh | ||
| Kh | ᡬ᠊ gh | ᠊ᡬ᠊ gh | ||
| L | ᠯ᠊ l | ᠊ᠯ᠊ l | ᠊ᠯ l | |
| M | ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ m | |
| N | ᠨ᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋ n | |
| O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ o u ue | ᠊ᠣ᠋ o u | ||
| Oh | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ u | ᠊ᡠ᠌ u | ||
| Pb | ᡦ᠊ p | ᠊ᡦ᠊ p | ||
| R | ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ᠊ r | ||
| R2 | ᠊ᡵ r | |||
| Rr | ᡰ᠊ rh | ᠊ᡰ᠊ rh | ||
| S | ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ s | |
| Sp | ᡧ᠊ sh | ᠊ᡧ᠊ sh | ᠊ᡧ sh | |
| T | ᠲ᠊ t | |||
| Tb | ᡨ᠌᠊ t | |||
| Th | ᡩ᠌᠊ d | |||
| Tt | ᡩ᠋᠊ d | |||
| U | ᠊ᠣ᠌ o u | |||
| Ue | ᠊ᠥ᠋ ue | |||
| Uh | ᠊ᡠ᠏ u | |||
| V | ᡫ᠊ f | ᠊ᡫ᠊ f | ||
| W | ᠸ᠊ f w | ᠊ᠧ᠊ f w | ᠊ᠧ w | |
| Y | ᠶ᠌᠊ y | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ y | ||
| Zs | ᡯ᠊ z | ᠊ᡯ᠊ z | ||
Phonetic letters
Section titled “Phonetic letters”| Letter | FVS | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | - | ᠊ᠠ᠊ A | |||
| 1 | ᠊ᠠ᠋ Aa | ||||
| 2 | ᠠ᠌᠊ A A | ᠊ᠠ᠌ A | |||
| 3 | ᠠ᠍ A A | ||||
| 185D ᡝ e | - | ᡝ A | ᡝ᠊ A | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᡝ᠋᠊ A | ᠊ᡝ᠋ A | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ Ah | ᠊ᡝ᠌ At | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡝ᠍ Aa | ||||
| 4 | ᠊ᡝ᠏ Ah | ||||
| 1873 ᡳ i | - | ᡳ᠊ A I | |||
| 1 | ᡳ᠋ I | ᠊ᡳ᠋ I2 | |||
| 2 | ᡳ᠌ A I | ᠊ᡳ᠌᠊ I I | ᠊ᡳ᠌ Iy | ||
| 3 | ᠊ᡳ᠍᠊ I | ᠊ᡳ᠍ I | |||
| 4 | ᠊ᡳ᠏ A I | ||||
| 1823 ᠣ o | - | ᠣ A O | ᠣ᠊ A O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ O | |
| 1 | ᠊ᠣ᠋ O | ||||
| 2 | ᠊ᠣ᠌ U | ||||
| 1860 ᡠ u | - | ᡠ A Oh | ᡠ᠊ A Oh | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᡠ᠋᠊ O | ᠊ᡠ᠋ U | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ Oh | ᠊ᡠ᠌ Oh | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡠ᠍ O | ||||
| 4 | ᠊ᡠ᠏ Uh | ||||
| 1861 ᡡ ue | - | ᡡ A Ue | ᡡ᠊ A O I | ᠊ᡡ᠊ O I | ᠊ᡡ Ue |
| 185F ᡟ ii | - | ᡟ → medi 0 | ᡟ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᡟ᠊ Ai | ᠊ᡟ Ai |
| 1807 ᠇ sbm | - | ᠇ → medi 0 | ᠇᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊᠇᠊ A | ᠊᠇ → medi 0 |
| 1828 ᠨ n | - | ᠨ → init 0 | ᠨ᠊ N | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ N | ᠊ᠨ᠋ N | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ A | ᠊ᠨ᠌ A | |||
| 1829 ᠩ ng | - | ᠩ → medi 0 | ᠩ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᠩ᠊ A G | ᠊ᠩ A G |
| 1874 ᡴ k | - | ᡴ → init 3 | |||
| 1 | ᡴ᠋ → init 1 | ᡴ᠋᠊ G | ᠊ᡴ᠋᠊ Hx | ᠊ᡴ᠋ G4 | |
| 2 | ᡴ᠌ → init 2 | ᡴ᠌᠊ Gx | ᠊ᡴ᠌᠊ G | ᠊ᡴ᠌ Gx | |
| 3 | ᡴ᠍᠊ H | ᠊ᡴ᠍᠊ H | ᠊ᡴ᠍ Hx | ||
| 4 | ᠊ᡴ᠏᠊ Gx | ||||
| 1864 ᡤ g | - | ᡤ → init 2 | ᠊ᡤ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡤ᠋ → init 1 | ᡤ᠋᠊ Gh | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ Gh | ||
| 2 | ᡤ᠌᠊ Hh | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ Hh | |||
| 1865 ᡥ h | - | ᡥ → init 2 | ᠊ᡥ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡥ᠋ → init 1 | ᡥ᠋᠊ Gc | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ Gc | ||
| 2 | ᡥ᠌᠊ Hc | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ Hc | |||
| 182A ᠪ b | - | ᠪ → init 0 | ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ B |
| 1866 ᡦ p | - | ᡦ → init 0 | ᡦ᠊ Pb | ᠊ᡦ᠊ Pb | ᠊ᡦ → medi 0 |
| 1830 ᠰ s | - | ᠰ → init 0 | ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ S |
| 1867 ᡧ sh | - | ᡧ → init 0 | ᡧ᠊ Sp | ᠊ᡧ᠊ Sp | ᠊ᡧ Sp |
| 1868 ᡨ t | - | ᡨ → init 2 | ᠊ᡨ Dd | ||
| 1 | ᡨ᠋ → init 1 | ᡨ᠋᠊ T | ᠊ᡨ᠋᠊ D | ||
| 2 | ᡨ᠌᠊ Tb | ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ Dd | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ Db | ||||
| 1869 ᡩ d | - | ᡩ → init 2 | ᠊ᡩ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡩ᠋ → init 1 | ᡩ᠋᠊ Tt | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ Dt | ||
| 2 | ᡩ᠌᠊ Th | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ Dh | |||
| 182F ᠯ l | - | ᠯ → init 0 | ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ L |
| 182E ᠮ m | - | ᠮ → init 0 | ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ M |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | - | ᠴ → init 0 | ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ → medi 0 |
| 1835 ᠵ j | - | ᠵ → init 0 | ᠵ᠊ I | ᠊ᠵ᠊ J | ᠊ᠵ → medi 0 |
| 1836 ᠶ y | - | ᠶ → init 2 | ᠊ᠶ → medi 3 | ||
| 2 | ᠶ᠌᠊ Y | ||||
| 3 | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ Y | ||||
| 1875 ᡵ r | - | ᡵ → init 0 | ᡵ᠊ R | ᠊ᡵ᠊ R | ᠊ᡵ R2 |
| 1876 ᡶ f | - | ᡶ → init 2 | ᠊ᡶ → medi 2 | ||
| 1 | ᡶ᠋ → init 1 | ᡶ᠋᠊ W | ᠊ᡶ᠋᠊ W | ||
| 2 | ᡶ᠌᠊ V | ᠊ᡶ᠌᠊ V | |||
| 1838 ᠸ w | - | ᠸ → init 0 | ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ W |
| 183A ᠺ kh | - | ᠺ → init 0 | ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ → medi 0 |
| 186C ᡬ gh | - | ᡬ → init 0 | ᡬ᠊ Kh | ᠊ᡬ᠊ Kh | ᠊ᡬ → medi 0 |
| 186D ᡭ hh | - | ᡭ → init 0 | ᡭ᠊ Kc | ᠊ᡭ᠊ Kc | ᠊ᡭ → medi 0 |
| 186E ᡮ c | - | ᡮ → init 0 | ᡮ᠊ Cs | ᠊ᡮ᠊ Cs | ᠊ᡮ → medi 0 |
| 186F ᡯ z | - | ᡯ → init 0 | ᡯ᠊ Zs | ᠊ᡯ᠊ Zs | ᠊ᡯ → medi 0 |
| 1870 ᡰ rh | - | ᡰ → init 0 | ᡰ᠊ Rr | ᠊ᡰ᠊ Rr | ᠊ᡰ → medi 0 |
| 1871 ᡱ cr | - | ᡱ → init 0 | ᡱ᠊ Cc | ᠊ᡱ᠊ Cc | ᠊ᡱ → medi 0 |
| 1877 ᡷ zr | - | ᡷ → init 0 | ᡷ᠊ Ic | ᠊ᡷ᠊ Jc | ᠊ᡷ → medi 0 |
Final AI in letter i. Final AI in letter i is introduced in GB/T 36645—2018, where the written form AI of letter i in the examples jui, is the differing form derived from letter analysis. Since jusbmi is preferred, the written form is marked in gray.
Shaping process
Section titled “Shaping process”Letter classes
Section titled “Letter classes”| Class | Letters |
| masculine vowel | |
| feminine vowel | |
| neuter vowel | |
| vowel | |
| consonant | sbm, n, ng, k, g, h, b, p, s, sh, t, d, l, m, ch, j, y, r, f, w, kh, gh, hh, c, z, rh, cr, zr |
| masculine bowed written unit | |
| feminine bowed written unit | |
| neuter bowed written unit |
Mongolian-specific phase
Section titled “Mongolian-specific phase”| Shaping step | Letters | Condition | Mapping type |
| 2. Syllabic | if follows an initial consonant: | marked | |
| f | marked | ||
| i | if follows z: | marked | |
| feminine, feminine_marked | |||
| n | if precedes a vowel: | onset | |
| else if precedes a consonant: | feminine | ||
| masculine_onset | |||
| feminine | |||
| else if follows a vowel: | devsger | ||
| if precedes a masculine vowel: | masculine_onset | ||
| else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel: | feminine | ||
| masculine_devsger | |||
| feminine | |||
| feminine | |||
else k: | masculine_devsger | ||
| 3. Particle | i | if follows an MVS: | particle |
| 4. Devsger | i | if follows a vowel: | vowel_devsger |
| 5. Post-bowed | if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a masculine bowed written unit: | post_bowed | |
| if follows a neuter bowed written unit or a feminine bowed written unit: | post_bowed, post_bowed_feminine |
Conditional mapping
Section titled “Conditional mapping”| Letter | Mapping type | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | default | ᠠ᠍ | ᠠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠌ |
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠠ᠋ | ||||
| 185D ᡝ e | default | ᡝ | ᡝ᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠏ |
| feminine | ᠊ᡝ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡝ᠋ | |||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᡝ᠌ | ||||
| post_bowed_feminine | ᠊ᡝ᠍ | ||||
| 1873 ᡳ i | default | ᡳ᠌ | ᡳ᠊ | ᠊ᡳ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡳ᠍ |
| marked | ᠊ᡳ᠌ | ||||
| particle | ᡳ᠋ | ||||
| vowel_devsger | ᠊ᡳ᠌᠊ | ||||
| 1823 ᠣ o | default | ᠣ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠌ |
| marked | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| 1860 ᡠ u | default | ᡠ | ᡠ᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠏ |
| marked | ᠊ᡠ᠌ | ||||
| feminine | ᠊ᡠ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡠ᠋ | |||
| feminine_marked | ᠊ᡠ᠍ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᡠ᠌ | ||||
| post_bowed_feminine | ᠊ᡠ᠍ | ||||
| 1861 ᡡ ue | default | ᡡ | ᡡ᠊ | ᠊ᡡ᠊ | ᠊ᡡ |
| 185F ᡟ ii | default | ᡟ | ᡟ᠊ | ᠊ᡟ᠊ | ᠊ᡟ |
| 1807 ᠇ sbm | default | ᠇ | ᠇᠊ | ᠊᠇᠊ | ᠊᠇ |
| 1828 ᠨ n | default | ᠨ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ |
| onset | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ | ||||
| devsger | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ||||
| 1829 ᠩ ng | default | ᠩ | ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ |
| 1874 ᡴ k | default | ᡴ | ᡴ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠍ |
| masculine_onset | ᡴ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠍᠊ | |||
| masculine_devsger | ᠊ᡴ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠍ | |||
| feminine | ᡴ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡴ᠋ | ||
| 1864 ᡤ g | default | ᡤ | ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ |
| masculine_onset | ᡤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡤ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡤ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1865 ᡥ h | default | ᡥ | ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ |
| masculine_onset | ᡥ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡥ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡥ᠋᠊ | |||
| 182A ᠪ b | default | ᠪ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ |
| 1866 ᡦ p | default | ᡦ | ᡦ᠊ | ᠊ᡦ᠊ | ᠊ᡦ |
| 1830 ᠰ s | default | ᠰ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ |
| 1867 ᡧ sh | default | ᡧ | ᡧ᠊ | ᠊ᡧ᠊ | ᠊ᡧ |
| 1868 ᡨ t | default | ᡨ | ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᡨ |
| devsger | ᠊ᡨ᠌᠊ | ||||
| masculine_onset | ᡨ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠋᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡨ᠍᠊ | |||
| 1869 ᡩ d | default | ᡩ | ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ |
| masculine_onset | ᡩ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠌᠊ | |||
| feminine | ᡩ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡩ᠋᠊ | |||
| 182F ᠯ l | default | ᠯ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ |
| 182E ᠮ m | default | ᠮ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | default | ᠴ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ |
| 1835 ᠵ j | default | ᠵ | ᠵ᠊ | ᠊ᠵ᠊ | ᠊ᠵ |
| 1836 ᠶ y | default | ᠶ | ᠶ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠶ |
| 1875 ᡵ r | default | ᡵ | ᡵ᠊ | ᠊ᡵ᠊ | ᠊ᡵ |
| 1876 ᡶ f | default | ᡶ | ᡶ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡶ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᡶ |
| marked | ᡶ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᡶ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1838 ᠸ w | default | ᠸ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ |
| 183A ᠺ kh | default | ᠺ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ |
| 186C ᡬ gh | default | ᡬ | ᡬ᠊ | ᠊ᡬ᠊ | ᠊ᡬ |
| 186D ᡭ hh | default | ᡭ | ᡭ᠊ | ᠊ᡭ᠊ | ᠊ᡭ |
| 186E ᡮ c | default | ᡮ | ᡮ᠊ | ᠊ᡮ᠊ | ᠊ᡮ |
| 186F ᡯ z | default | ᡯ | ᡯ᠊ | ᠊ᡯ᠊ | ᠊ᡯ |
| 1870 ᡰ rh | default | ᡰ | ᡰ᠊ | ᠊ᡰ᠊ | ᠊ᡰ |
| 1871 ᡱ cr | default | ᡱ | ᡱ᠊ | ᠊ᡱ᠊ | ᠊ᡱ |
| 1877 ᡷ zr | default | ᡷ | ᡷ᠊ | ᠊ᡷ᠊ | ᠊ᡷ |
References
Section titled “References”- Information technology — Manchu nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 36645—2018.