Hudum Ali Gali
Written units
Section titled “Written units”| ID | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | |
| A | ᠠ᠋ a | ᠠ᠋᠊ a iX ue ee o hh hX | ᠊᠇᠊ a ng n hX | ᠊ᠠ᠌ a n |
| Aa | ᠠ᠌ a | ᠊ᠠ᠋ a | ||
| B | ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ b | |
| B2 | ᠊ᠪ᠋ b | |||
| Bg | ᢒ᠊ pX | ᠊ᢒ᠊ pX | ᠊ᢒ pX | |
| C | ᠼ᠊ c | ᠊ᠼ᠊ c | ᠊ᠼ c | |
| Ch | ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ ch | |
| Cr2 | ᢍ᠊ trhX | ᠊ᢍ᠊ trhX | ||
| Dq | ᢑ᠊ dX | ᠊ᢑ᠊ dX | ᠊ᢑ dX | |
| Ds | ᢎ᠊ drX | ᠊ᢎ᠊ drX | ᠊ᢎ drX | |
| Dv | ᢐ᠊ tX | ᠊ᢐ᠊ tX | ᠊ᢐ tX | |
| G4 | ᠊ᡣ᠋ ngX | |||
| G | ᠬ᠌᠊ kX | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ kX ng ngX | ᠊ᠭ᠌ ng | |
| Hr | ᠊ᠾ᠊ hh hX lh | ᠊ᠾ hh hX | ||
| I | ᠢ᠋᠊ yX | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ iX ue yX | ||
| I4 | ᠊ᢈ iX yX | |||
| J | ᡔ᠊ crX | ᠊ᠵ᠊ crX | ᠊ᠵ crX | |
| K | ᠻ᠊ k | ᠊ᠻ᠊ k | ᠊ᠻ k | |
| K2 | ᠺ᠊ k2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ k2 | ᠊ᠺ k2 | |
| L | ᠯ᠊ l lh | ᠊ᠯ᠊ l lh | ᠊ᠯ l | |
| M | ᠮ᠊ mX | ᠊ᠮ᠊ mX | ||
| M2 | ᠊ᡏ mX | |||
| N | ᠨ᠊ ngX n | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ ngX n | ||
| Ny | ᡛ᠊ nyX | ᠊ᡛ᠊ nyX | ? nyX | |
| O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ ue o | ᠊ᠣ᠋ ue o | ||
| Pg | ᢓ᠊ phX | ᠊ᢓ᠊ phX | ᠊ᢓ phX | |
| Q | ᢗ᠊ qX | ᠊ᢗ᠊ qX | ||
| R | ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ r | |
| Rh2 | ᢕ᠊ zrX | ᠊ᢕ᠊ zrX | ᠊ᢕ zrX | |
| S | ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ᠊ s | ᠊ᠰ s | |
| Sh | ᠱ᠌᠊ sh | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ sh | ᠊ᠱ sh | |
| Sx | ᢔ᠊ shX | ᠊ᢔ᠊ shX | ᠊ᢔ shX | |
| Tp | ᡐ᠊ thX | ᠊ᡐ᠊ thX | ᠊ᡐ thX | |
| U | ᠊ᠣ᠌ ue o | |||
| Ue | ᠊ᠥ᠋ ue | |||
| Vi | ? kX | |||
| W | ᠸ᠊ w | ᠊ᠧ᠊ ee w | ᠊ᠧ ee w | |
| Wn | ᢏ᠊ nrX | ᠊ᢏ᠊ nrX | ᠊ᢏ nrX | |
| Wp | ᠊ᢦ᠊ waX | |||
| Z | ᠽ᠊ z | ᠊ᠽ᠊ z | ᠊ᠽ z | |
| Zc | ᢋ᠊ cX | ᠊ᢋ᠊ cX | ᠊ᢋ cX | |
| Zr | ᡁ᠊ trX | ᠊ᢌ᠊ trX | ᠊ᢌ trX | |
| Zz | ᡜ᠊ zX | ᠊ᡜ᠊ zX | ᠊ᡜ zX | |
Phonetic letters
Section titled “Phonetic letters”| Letter | FVS | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | - | ᠊ᠠ᠊ A | |||
| 1 | ᠠ᠋ A | ᠠ᠋᠊ A | ᠊ᠠ᠋ Aa | ||
| 2 | ᠠ᠌ Aa | ᠠ᠌᠊ A A | ᠊ᠠ᠌ A | ||
| 3 | ᠠ᠍ A A | ||||
| 1888 ᢈ iX | - | ᢈ A I4 | ᢈ᠊ A I | ᠊ᢈ᠊ I | ᠊ᢈ I4 |
| 1826 ᠦ ue | - | ᠦ A Ue | |||
| 1 | ᠦ᠋ A U | ᠊ᠦ᠋᠊ O I | |||
| 2 | ᠦ᠌᠊ A O I | ᠊ᠦ᠌ O | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᠦ᠍᠊ O | ᠊ᠦ᠍ U | |||
| 1827 ᠧ ee | - | ᠧ A W | ᠧ᠊ A W | ᠊ᠧ᠊ W | ᠊ᠧ W |
| 1823 ᠣ o | - | ᠣ A O | ᠣ᠊ A O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ O | |
| 1 | ᠊ᠣ᠋ O | ||||
| 2 | ᠊ᠣ᠌ U | ||||
| 1889 ᢉ kX | - | ᢉ → init 0 | ᢉ᠊ G | ᠊ᢉ᠊ G | ᠊ᢉ G Vi |
| 183B ᠻ k | - | ᠻ → init 0 | ᠻ᠊ K | ᠊ᠻ᠊ K | ᠊ᠻ K |
| 183A ᠺ k2 | - | ᠺ → init 0 | ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ K2 |
| 183E ᠾ hh | - | ᠾ → init 0 | ᠾ᠊ A Hr | ᠊ᠾ᠊ Hr | ᠊ᠾ Hr |
| 1829 ᠩ ng | - | ᠩ → medi 0 | ᠩ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᠩ᠊ A G | ᠊ᠩ A G |
| 188A ᢊ ngX | - | ᢊ → init 0 | ᢊ᠊ N G | ᠊ᢊ᠊ N G | ᠊ᢊ N G4 |
| 188B ᢋ cX | - | ᢋ → init 0 | ᢋ᠊ Zc | ᠊ᢋ᠊ Zc | ᠊ᢋ Zc |
| 183C ᠼ c | - | ᠼ → init 0 | ᠼ᠊ C | ᠊ᠼ᠊ C | ᠊ᠼ C |
| 183D ᠽ z | - | ᠽ → init 0 | ᠽ᠊ Z | ᠊ᠽ᠊ Z | ᠊ᠽ Z |
| 185B ᡛ nyX | - | ᡛ → init 0 | ᡛ᠊ Ny | ᠊ᡛ᠊ Ny | ᠊ᡛ Ny |
| 188C ᢌ trX | - | ᢌ → init 0 | ᢌ᠊ Zr | ᠊ᢌ᠊ Zr | ᠊ᢌ Zr |
| 188D ᢍ trhX | - | ᢍ → init 0 | ᢍ᠊ Cr2 | ᠊ᢍ᠊ Cr2 | ᠊ᢍ → medi 0 |
| 188E ᢎ drX | - | ᢎ → init 0 | ᢎ᠊ Ds | ᠊ᢎ᠊ Ds | ᠊ᢎ Ds |
| 188F ᢏ nrX | - | ᢏ → init 0 | ᢏ᠊ Wn | ᠊ᢏ᠊ Wn | ᠊ᢏ Wn |
| 1890 ᢐ tX | - | ᢐ → init 0 | ᢐ᠊ Dv | ᠊ᢐ᠊ Dv | ᠊ᢐ Dv |
| 1850 ᡐ thX | - | ᡐ → init 0 | ᡐ᠊ Tp | ᠊ᡐ᠊ Tp | ᠊ᡐ Tp |
| 1891 ᢑ dX | - | ᢑ → init 0 | ᢑ᠊ Dq | ᠊ᢑ᠊ Dq | ᠊ᢑ Dq |
| 1828 ᠨ n | - | ᠨ → init 0 | ᠨ᠊ N | ||
| 1 | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ N | ||||
| 2 | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ A | ᠊ᠨ᠌ A | |||
| 1892 ᢒ pX | - | ᢒ → init 0 | ᢒ᠊ Bg | ᠊ᢒ᠊ Bg | ᠊ᢒ Bg |
| 1893 ᢓ phX | - | ᢓ → init 0 | ᢓ᠊ Pg | ᠊ᢓ᠊ Pg | ᠊ᢓ Pg |
| 182A ᠪ b | - | ᠪ → init 0 | ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ B |
| 1 | ᠊ᠪ᠋ B2 | ||||
| 184F ᡏ mX | - | ᡏ → init 0 | ᡏ᠊ M | ᠊ᡏ᠊ M | ᠊ᡏ M2 |
| 1855 ᡕ yX | - | ᡕ → init 0 | ᡕ᠊ I | ᠊ᡕ᠊ I | ᠊ᡕ I4 |
| 1837 ᠷ r | - | ᠷ → init 0 | ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ R |
| 182F ᠯ l | - | ᠯ → init 0 | ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ L |
| 1838 ᠸ w | - | ᠸ → init 0 | ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ W |
| 18A6 ᢦ waX | - | ᢦ → medi 0 | ᢦ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᢦ᠊ Wp | ᠊ᢦ → medi 0 |
| 1831 ᠱ sh | - | ᠱ → init 2 | ᠊ᠱ Sh | ||
| 2 | ᠱ᠌᠊ Sh | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ Sh | |||
| 1894 ᢔ shX | - | ᢔ → init 0 | ᢔ᠊ Sx | ᠊ᢔ᠊ Sx | ᠊ᢔ Sx |
| 1830 ᠰ s | - | ᠰ → init 0 | ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ S |
| 1859 ᡙ hX | - | ᡙ → init 0 | ᡙ᠊ A Hr | ᠊ᡙ᠊ A Hr | ᠊ᡙ Hr |
| 1854 ᡔ crX | - | ᡔ → init 0 | ᡔ᠊ J | ᠊ᡔ᠊ J | ᠊ᡔ J |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | - | ᠴ → init 0 | ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ Ch |
| 1895 ᢕ zrX | - | ᢕ → init 0 | ᢕ᠊ Rh2 | ᠊ᢕ᠊ Rh2 | ᠊ᢕ Rh2 |
| 1896 ᢖ zX | - | ᢖ → init 0 | ᢖ᠊ Zz | ᠊ᢖ᠊ Zz | ᠊ᢖ Zz |
| 1897 ᢗ qX | - | ᢗ → init 0 | ᢗ᠊ Q | ᠊ᢗ᠊ Q | ᠊ᢗ → medi 0 |
| 1840 ᡀ lh | - | ᡀ → init 0 | ᡀ᠊ L Hr | ᠊ᡀ᠊ L Hr | ᠊ᡀ → medi 0 |
Final AG in letter ng. Both final NG4 and final AG4 are used to record Tibetan /ŋ/ in Buddhist Mantras. The final AG4 is considered as a variant of final AG, and the two shapes correspond to the same written form.
Shaping process
Section titled “Shaping process”Letter classes
Section titled “Letter classes”| Class | Letters |
| vowel | |
| consonant | kX, k, k2, hh, ng, ngX, cX, c, z, nyX, trX, trhX, drX, nrX, tX, thX, dX, n, pX, phX, b, mX, yX, r, l, w, waX, sh, shX, s, hX, crX, ch, zrX, zX, qX, lh |
| bowed written unit |
Mongolian-specific phase
Section titled “Mongolian-specific phase”| Shaping step | Letters | Condition | Mapping type |
| 1. Chachlag | a | if follows an MVS: | chachlag |
| 2. Syllabic | ü | if follows an initial consonant or an initial consonant cluster: | marked |
| a | if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a: | chachlag_onset | |
| 5. Post-bowed | if follows a bowed written unit: | post_bowed |
Conditional mapping
Section titled “Conditional mapping”| Letter | Mapping type | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | default | ᠠ᠍ | ᠠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠌ |
| chachlag | ᠠ᠌ | ||||
| chachlag_onset | ᠊ᠠ᠋ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠠ᠋ | ||||
| 1888 ᢈ iX | default | ᢈ | ᢈ᠊ | ᠊ᢈ᠊ | ᠊ᢈ |
| 1826 ᠦ ue | default | ᠦ | ᠦ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍ |
| marked | ᠊ᠦ᠋᠊ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠦ᠌ | ||||
| 1827 ᠧ ee | default | ᠧ | ᠧ᠊ | ᠊ᠧ᠊ | ᠊ᠧ |
| 1823 ᠣ o | default | ᠣ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠌ |
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| 1889 ᢉ kX | default | ᢉ | ᢉ᠊ | ᠊ᢉ᠊ | ᠊ᢉ |
| 183B ᠻ k | default | ᠻ | ᠻ᠊ | ᠊ᠻ᠊ | ᠊ᠻ |
| 183A ᠺ k2 | default | ᠺ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ |
| 183E ᠾ hh | default | ᠾ | ᠾ᠊ | ᠊ᠾ᠊ | ᠊ᠾ |
| 1829 ᠩ ng | default | ᠩ | ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ |
| 188A ᢊ ngX | default | ᢊ | ᢊ᠊ | ᠊ᢊ᠊ | ᠊ᢊ |
| 188B ᢋ cX | default | ᢋ | ᢋ᠊ | ᠊ᢋ᠊ | ᠊ᢋ |
| 183C ᠼ c | default | ᠼ | ᠼ᠊ | ᠊ᠼ᠊ | ᠊ᠼ |
| 183D ᠽ z | default | ᠽ | ᠽ᠊ | ᠊ᠽ᠊ | ᠊ᠽ |
| 185B ᡛ nyX | default | ᡛ | ᡛ᠊ | ᠊ᡛ᠊ | ᠊ᡛ |
| 188C ᢌ trX | default | ᢌ | ᢌ᠊ | ᠊ᢌ᠊ | ᠊ᢌ |
| 188D ᢍ trhX | default | ᢍ | ᢍ᠊ | ᠊ᢍ᠊ | ᠊ᢍ |
| 188E ᢎ drX | default | ᢎ | ᢎ᠊ | ᠊ᢎ᠊ | ᠊ᢎ |
| 188F ᢏ nrX | default | ᢏ | ᢏ᠊ | ᠊ᢏ᠊ | ᠊ᢏ |
| 1890 ᢐ tX | default | ᢐ | ᢐ᠊ | ᠊ᢐ᠊ | ᠊ᢐ |
| 1850 ᡐ thX | default | ᡐ | ᡐ᠊ | ᠊ᡐ᠊ | ᠊ᡐ |
| 1891 ᢑ dX | default | ᢑ | ᢑ᠊ | ᠊ᢑ᠊ | ᠊ᢑ |
| 1828 ᠨ n | default | ᠨ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ |
| 1892 ᢒ pX | default | ᢒ | ᢒ᠊ | ᠊ᢒ᠊ | ᠊ᢒ |
| 1893 ᢓ phX | default | ᢓ | ᢓ᠊ | ᠊ᢓ᠊ | ᠊ᢓ |
| 182A ᠪ b | default | ᠪ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ |
| 184F ᡏ mX | default | ᡏ | ᡏ᠊ | ᠊ᡏ᠊ | ᠊ᡏ |
| 1855 ᡕ yX | default | ᡕ | ᡕ᠊ | ᠊ᡕ᠊ | ᠊ᡕ |
| 1837 ᠷ r | default | ᠷ | ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ |
| 182F ᠯ l | default | ᠯ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ |
| 1838 ᠸ w | default | ᠸ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ |
| 18A6 ᢦ waX | default | ᢦ | ᢦ᠊ | ᠊ᢦ᠊ | ᠊ᢦ |
| 1831 ᠱ sh | default | ᠱ | ᠱ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠱ |
| 1894 ᢔ shX | default | ᢔ | ᢔ᠊ | ᠊ᢔ᠊ | ᠊ᢔ |
| 1830 ᠰ s | default | ᠰ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ |
| 1859 ᡙ hX | default | ᡙ | ᡙ᠊ | ᠊ᡙ᠊ | ᠊ᡙ |
| 1854 ᡔ crX | default | ᡔ | ᡔ᠊ | ᠊ᡔ᠊ | ᠊ᡔ |
| 1834 ᠴ ch | default | ᠴ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ |
| 1895 ᢕ zrX | default | ᢕ | ᢕ᠊ | ᠊ᢕ᠊ | ᠊ᢕ |
| 1896 ᢖ zX | default | ᢖ | ᢖ᠊ | ᠊ᢖ᠊ | ᠊ᢖ |
| 1897 ᢗ qX | default | ᢗ | ᢗ᠊ | ᠊ᢗ᠊ | ᠊ᢗ |
| 1840 ᡀ lh | default | ᡀ | ᡀ᠊ | ᠊ᡀ᠊ | ᠊ᡀ |
References
Section titled “References”-
Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2023.
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Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2010.
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Information technology — The Transferring rules of Traditional Mongolian nominal form to variant form. Mongolian Language and Script Digital Resource Construction and Sharing Project, Mongolian script standard for information processing, MGC/01-01, version 1.0.5 (June 18, 2021).
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Zheng Weizhe, Wang Yihua. (2017). Glyph corrections for Ali Gali final forms in the Mongolian block. L2/17-115R.
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Дьердь Кара. (1972). Книги Монгольских Кочевников. Москва: Издательства «Наука».
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Wurihan. (2019). Study on the revival font development of the Kangxi version of Mongolian Kanjur. Master thesis, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University.
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汉满蒙藏四体合璧大藏全咒, 同文韵统, 阿礼嘎礼读咒法. 民国十八年上海涵芬楼影印清乾隆内府刻本.