Hudum
Written units
Section titled “Written units”| ID | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | |
| A | ᠠ᠋ a e | ᠠ᠋᠊ a e ee i o u oe ue n hh | ᠊᠇᠊ a e i o u oe ue n ng | ᠊ᠠ᠌ a e n |
| Aa | ᠠ᠌ a e | ᠊ᠠ᠋ a e | ||
| B | ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ᠊ b | ᠊ᠪ b | |
| B2 | ᠊ᠪ᠋ b | |||
| C | ᠼ᠊ c | ᠊ᠼ᠊ c | ᠊ᠼ c | |
| Ch | ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ ch | ᠊ᠴ ch | |
| Cr | ᡂ᠊ cr | |||
| D | ᠳ᠋᠊ d | ᠊ᠲ᠌᠊ t d | ᠊ᠳ᠋ d | |
| Dd | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ d | ᠊ᠳ d | ||
| F | ᠹ᠊ f | ᠊ᠹ᠊ f | ᠊ᠹ f | |
| G | ᠬ᠌᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ ng h g | ᠊ᠭ᠌ ng g | |
| Gx | ᠬ᠏᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ᠏᠊ h g | ||
| H | ᠬ᠍᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ h g | |
| Hr | ᠊ᠾ᠊ hh lh | ᠊ᠾ hh | ||
| Hx | ᠬ᠋᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ᠋᠊ h g | ᠊ᠬ᠋ h g | |
| I | ᠢ᠋ i j | ᠢ᠋᠊ i j y | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ i oe ue y | ᠊ᠢ i j y |
| Ix | ᠢ᠌ i | |||
| J | ᠊ᠵ᠊ j | ᠊ᠵ j | ||
| K | ᠻ᠊ k | ᠊ᠻ᠊ k | ᠊ᠻ k | |
| K2 | ᠺ᠊ k2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ k2 | ᠊ᠺ k2 | |
| L | ᠯ᠊ l lh | ᠊ᠯ᠊ l lh | ᠊ᠯ l | |
| M | ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ᠊ m | ᠊ᠮ m | |
| N | ᠨ᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ n | ᠊ᠨ᠋ n | |
| O | ᠤ᠋᠊ u ue | ᠊ᠣ᠊ o u oe ue w | ᠊ᠣ᠋ o u oe ue | |
| P | ᠫ᠊ p | ᠊ᠫ᠊ p | ᠊ᠫ p | |
| R | ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ᠊ r | ᠊ᠷ r | |
| Rh | ᠿ᠊ rh | ᠊ᠿ᠊ rh | ᠊ᠿ rh | |
| S | ᠰ᠊ s sh | ᠊ᠰ᠊ s sh | ᠊ᠰ s | |
| Sh | ᠱ᠌᠊ sh | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ sh | ᠊ᠱ sh | |
| Sz | ᠊ᠰ᠋ s | |||
| T | ᠲ᠊ t d | ᠊ᠲ᠋᠊ t | ᠊ᠲ t | |
| U | ᠤ᠋ u ue | ᠊ᠣ᠌ o u oe ue w | ||
| Ue | ᠊ᠥ᠋ oe ue | |||
| Ux | ᠤ᠌ u ue | |||
| W | ᠸ᠊ w | ᠊ᠧ᠊ ee w | ᠊ᠧ ee w | |
| Y | ᠶ᠌᠊ y | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ y | ||
| Z | ᠽ᠊ z | ᠊ᠽ᠊ z | ᠊ᠽ z | |
| Zr | ᡁ᠊ zr | |||
Written form W. Written form W is used in Hudum letter ee and w, but has different origin in these two letters, since the form W in ee comes from Tibetan letter e, and the form W in w comes from beth.
Phonetic letters
Section titled “Phonetic letters”The variants in gray indicate the fabricated variants, i.e. variants borrowed from other joining positions. The variants in yellow indicate the variants that are unattested in the modern orthography of Traditional Mongolian.
| Letter | FVS | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | - | ᠊ᠠ᠊ A | |||
| 1 | ᠠ᠋ A | ᠠ᠋᠊ A | ᠊ᠠ᠋᠊ A A | ᠊ᠠ᠋ Aa | |
| 2 | ᠠ᠌ Aa | ᠠ᠌᠊ A A | ᠊ᠠ᠌ A | ||
| 3 | ᠠ᠍ A A | ||||
| 1821 ᠡ e | - | ᠡ᠊ A | ᠊ᠡ᠊ A | ||
| 1 | ᠡ᠋ Aa | ᠡ᠋᠊ A A | ᠊ᠡ᠋ Aa | ||
| 2 | ᠡ᠌ A | ᠊ᠡ᠌ A | |||
| 1827 ᠧ ee | - | ᠧ A W | ᠧ᠊ A W | ᠊ᠧ᠊ W | ᠊ᠧ W |
| 1822 ᠢ i | - | ᠊ᠢ I | |||
| 1 | ᠢ᠋ I | ᠢ᠋᠊ I | ᠊ᠢ᠋᠊ A I | ||
| 2 | ᠢ᠌ Ix | ᠢ᠌᠊ A I | ᠊ᠢ᠌᠊ I I | ||
| 3 | ᠢ᠍ A I | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ I | |||
| 1823 ᠣ o | - | ᠣ A O | ᠣ᠊ A O | ᠊ᠣ᠊ O | |
| 1 | ᠊ᠣ᠋᠊ A O | ᠊ᠣ᠋ O | |||
| 2 | ᠊ᠣ᠌ U | ||||
| 1824 ᠤ u | - | ᠊ᠤ᠊ O | |||
| 1 | ᠤ᠋ U | ᠤ᠋᠊ O | ᠊ᠤ᠋᠊ A O | ᠊ᠤ᠋ O | |
| 2 | ᠤ᠌ Ux | ᠤ᠌᠊ A O | ᠊ᠤ᠌ U | ||
| 3 | ᠤ᠍ A O | ||||
| 1825 ᠥ oe | - | ᠥ A Ue | ᠥ᠊ A O I | ||
| 1 | ᠥ᠋ A U | ᠊ᠥ᠋᠊ O I | ᠊ᠥ᠋ Ue | ||
| 2 | ᠊ᠥ᠌᠊ A O I | ᠊ᠥ᠌ O | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᠥ᠍᠊ O | ᠊ᠥ᠍ U | |||
| 1826 ᠦ ue | - | ᠦ A Ue | |||
| 1 | ᠦ᠋ A U | ᠦ᠋᠊ O | ᠊ᠦ᠋᠊ O I | ᠊ᠦ᠋ Ue | |
| 2 | ᠦ᠌ U | ᠦ᠌᠊ A O I | ᠊ᠦ᠌᠊ A O I | ᠊ᠦ᠌ O | |
| 3 | ᠦ᠍ Ux | ᠊ᠦ᠍᠊ O | ᠊ᠦ᠍ U | ||
| 1828 ᠨ n | - | ᠨ → init 0 | ᠨ᠊ N | ||
| 1 | ᠨ᠋ → init 1 | ᠨ᠋᠊ A | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ N | ᠊ᠨ᠋ N | |
| 2 | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ A | ᠊ᠨ᠌ A | |||
| 1829 ᠩ ng | - | ᠩ → medi 0 | ᠩ᠊ → medi 0 | ᠊ᠩ᠊ A G | ᠊ᠩ A G |
| 182A ᠪ b | - | ᠪ → init 0 | ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ᠊ B | ᠊ᠪ B |
| 1 | ᠊ᠪ᠋ B2 | ||||
| 182B ᠫ p | - | ᠫ → init 0 | ᠫ᠊ P | ᠊ᠫ᠊ P | ᠊ᠫ P |
| 182C ᠬ h | - | ᠬ → init 3 | ᠊ᠬ H | ||
| 1 | ᠬ᠋ → init 1 | ᠬ᠋᠊ Hx | ᠊ᠬ᠋᠊ Hx | ᠊ᠬ᠋ Hx | |
| 2 | ᠬ᠌ → init 2 | ᠬ᠌᠊ G | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ G | ||
| 3 | ᠬ᠍᠊ H | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ H | |||
| 4 | ᠬ᠏ → init 4 | ᠬ᠏᠊ Gx | ᠊ᠬ᠏᠊ Gx | ||
| 182D ᠭ g | - | ᠭ → init 3 | |||
| 1 | ᠭ᠋ → init 1 | ᠭ᠋᠊ H | ᠊ᠭ᠋᠊ Hx | ᠊ᠭ᠋ H | |
| 2 | ᠭ᠌ → init 2 | ᠭ᠌᠊ G | ᠊ᠭ᠌᠊ G | ᠊ᠭ᠌ G | |
| 3 | ᠭ᠍᠊ Hx | ᠊ᠭ᠍᠊ H | ᠊ᠭ᠍ Hx | ||
| 4 | ᠭ᠏ → init 4 | ᠭ᠏᠊ Gx | ᠊ᠭ᠏᠊ Gx | ||
| 182E ᠮ m | - | ᠮ → init 0 | ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ᠊ M | ᠊ᠮ M |
| 182F ᠯ l | - | ᠯ → init 0 | ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ᠊ L | ᠊ᠯ L |
| 1830 ᠰ s | - | ᠰ → init 0 | ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ᠊ S | ᠊ᠰ S |
| 1 | ᠊ᠰ᠋ Sz | ||||
| 1831 ᠱ sh | - | ᠱ → init 2 | ᠊ᠱ Sh | ||
| 1 | ᠱ᠋ → init 1 | ᠱ᠋᠊ S | ᠊ᠱ᠋᠊ S | ||
| 2 | ᠱ᠌᠊ Sh | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ Sh | |||
| 1832 ᠲ t | - | ᠲ → init 0 | ᠲ᠊ T | ᠊ᠲ T | |
| 1 | ᠊ᠲ᠋᠊ T | ||||
| 2 | ᠊ᠲ᠌᠊ D | ||||
| 1833 ᠳ d | - | ᠳ → init 1 | ᠊ᠳ Dd | ||
| 1 | ᠳ᠋ → init 2 | ᠳ᠋᠊ D | ᠊ᠳ᠋᠊ D | ᠊ᠳ᠋ D | |
| 2 | ᠳ᠌᠊ T | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ Dd | |||
| 1834 ᠴ ch | - | ᠴ → init 0 | ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ᠊ Ch | ᠊ᠴ Ch |
| 1835 ᠵ j | - | ᠵ → init 0 | ᠵ᠊ I | ᠊ᠵ᠊ J | ᠊ᠵ J |
| 1 | ᠵ᠋ I | ᠊ᠵ᠋ I | |||
| 1836 ᠶ y | - | ᠶ → init 2 | ᠊ᠶ I | ||
| 1 | ᠶ᠋ → init 1 | ᠶ᠋᠊ I | ᠊ᠶ᠋᠊ I | ||
| 2 | ᠶ᠌᠊ Y | ᠊ᠶ᠌᠊ I I | |||
| 3 | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ Y | ||||
| 1837 ᠷ r | - | ᠷ → init 0 | ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ᠊ R | ᠊ᠷ R |
| 1838 ᠸ w | - | ᠸ → init 0 | ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ᠊ W | ᠊ᠸ W |
| 1 | ᠊ᠸ᠋᠊ O | ᠊ᠸ᠋ U | |||
| 1839 ᠹ f | - | ᠹ → init 0 | ᠹ᠊ F | ᠊ᠹ᠊ F | ᠊ᠹ F |
| 183A ᠺ k2 | - | ᠺ → init 0 | ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ᠊ K2 | ᠊ᠺ K2 |
| 183B ᠻ k | - | ᠻ → init 0 | ᠻ᠊ K | ᠊ᠻ᠊ K | ᠊ᠻ K |
| 183C ᠼ c | - | ᠼ → init 0 | ᠼ᠊ C | ᠊ᠼ᠊ C | ᠊ᠼ C |
| 183D ᠽ z | - | ᠽ → init 0 | ᠽ᠊ Z | ᠊ᠽ᠊ Z | ᠊ᠽ Z |
| 183E ᠾ hh | - | ᠾ → init 0 | ᠾ᠊ A Hr | ᠊ᠾ᠊ Hr | ᠊ᠾ Hr |
| 183F ᠿ rh | - | ᠿ → init 0 | ᠿ᠊ Rh | ᠊ᠿ᠊ Rh | ᠊ᠿ Rh |
| 1840 ᡀ lh | - | ᡀ → init 0 | ᡀ᠊ L Hr | ᠊ᡀ᠊ L Hr | ᠊ᡀ → medi 0 |
| 1841 ᡁ zr | - | ᡁ → init 0 | ᡁ᠊ Zr | ᠊ᡁ᠊ → init 0 | ᠊ᡁ → init 0 |
| 1842 ᡂ cr | - | ᡂ → init 0 | ᡂ᠊ Cr | ᠊ᡂ᠊ → init 0 | ᠊ᡂ → init 0 |
Isolated Ix and isolated Ux. Isolated Ix and isolated Ux are used historically, with examples shown in (Dorji et al., 2017). In some Traditional Mongolian literature, even if the letter n before isolated Ix or Ux is omitted, the left point is retained and therefore has to be consistently analyzed as belonging to i, u or ue.
Final I in letter j. Final I in letter j is introduced in (Dorji et al., 2017), where the written form of j in the example bui–j·a is not final, but isolated. Since there are currently no examples exist to prove its existence, the written form is marked in gray, but the shaping process still supports the theoretical existence of a word with final I in letter j and chachlag.
Medial II in letter y and medial O in letter w. Medial II in letter y and medial O in letter w are introduced in (Dorji et al., 2017), where the written form II of letter y in the examples ayl and aymag, and the written form O of letter w in the example tawlay are all differences derived from letter analysis. Since ail, aimag and taulai are preferred, these written forms are marked in gray.
Letter k2 (K2) and letter k (K). Letter k2 in form K2 is used to represent /kʰ/ (Latin: k) in Hudum literature in China, while letter k in form K is used to represent /kʰ/ (Cyrillic: к) in Hudum literature in Mongolia. The reason for disunifying the two letters is that Hudum Ali Gali uses K2 to record /ɡ/ and uses K to record /kʰ/.
Medial Hr in letter hh and initial Zr in letter zr. Medial Hr in letter hh and initial Zr in letter zr are similar, so they are unified in proposals such as (SAH, 2017). The reason for disunifying the two written units is that Hudum Ali Gali uses Hr to record /ɦ/ and to indicate aspiration, and uses Zr to record /ʈ/.
Shaping process
Section titled “Shaping process”Letter classes
Section titled “Letter classes”| Class | Letters |
| masculine vowel | |
| feminine vowel | |
| neuter vowel | |
| vowel | |
| consonant | n, ng, b, p, h, g, m, l, s, sh, t, d, ch, j, y, r, w, f, k2, k, c, z, hh, rh, lh, zr, cr |
| bowed written unit |
Mongolian-specific phase
Section titled “Mongolian-specific phase”| Shaping step | Letters | Condition | Mapping type |
| 1. Chachlag | if follows an MVS: | chachlag | |
| if follows an MVS and precedes an FVS: | default | ||
| 2. Syllabic | if follows an initial consonant: | marked | |
| if precedes an FVS or follows an FVS: | default | ||
if final form precedes an FVS2 or FVS4 that precedes h or g: | marked | ||
| if medial form follows a consonant cluster that starts with an initial consonant: | marked | ||
| d | if precedes a final vowel that does not precedes an FVS: | marked | |
if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a or an isolated e: | chachlag_onset | ||
if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated a: | chachlag_onset | ||
| g | if precedes an MVS that precedes an isolated e: | chachlag_devsger | |
| if precedes a vowel: | onset | ||
| else if follows a vowel: | devsger | ||
| if precedes a masculine vowel: | masculine_onset | ||
| else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel: | feminine | ||
| else if follows a masculine vowel: | masculine_devsger | ||
| else if follows a feminine vowel: | feminine | ||
| else if remotely follows a masculine vowel without a blocking feminine vowel: | masculine_devsger | ||
| else if remotely follows a feminine vowel without a blocking masculine vowel: | feminine | ||
| else if remotely precedes a masculine vowel without a blocking feminine vowel: | masculine_devsger | ||
| else: | feminine | ||
| t | if precedes ee or a consonant: | devsger | |
| sh | if initial form precedes medial i, or medial form precedes i: | dotless | |
| g | dotless | ||
| 3. Particle | if is in the specific particle dictionary that follows an MVS: | particle | |
| if is in the specific particle dictionary: | particle | ||
| 4. Devsger | i | if follows a vowel that does not end with a written unit I: | vowel_devsger |
| i | if follows a vowel that will not (consider FVS) end with a written unit I: | vowel_devsger | |
| 5. Post-bowed | if is in the written form of U and follows a bowed written unit: | post_bowed | |
if is in the written form of A and follows a bowed written unit: | post_bowed |
Conditional mapping
Section titled “Conditional mapping”| Letter | Mapping type | Variants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isol | init | medi | fina | ||
| 1820 ᠠ a | default | ᠠ᠍ | ᠠ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠊ᠠ᠌ |
| chachlag | ᠠ᠌ | ||||
| particle | ᠠ᠌ | ᠠ᠋᠊ | |||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠠ᠋ | ||||
| 1821 ᠡ e | default | ᠡ᠌ | ᠡ᠊ | ᠊ᠡ᠊ | ᠊ᠡ᠌ |
| chachlag | ᠡ᠋ | ||||
| particle | ᠡ᠋ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠡ᠋ | ||||
| 1827 ᠧ ee | default | ᠧ | ᠧ᠊ | ᠊ᠧ᠊ | ᠊ᠧ |
| 1822 ᠢ i | default | ᠢ᠍ | ᠢ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠢ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠢ |
| particle | ᠢ᠋ | ᠢ᠋᠊ | |||
| vowel_devsger | ᠊ᠢ᠌᠊ | ||||
| 1823 ᠣ o | default | ᠣ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠊ᠣ᠌ |
| marked | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠣ᠋ | ||||
| 1824 ᠤ u | default | ᠤ᠍ | ᠤ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠤ᠊ | ᠊ᠤ᠌ |
| marked | ᠊ᠤ᠋ | ||||
| particle | ᠤ᠋ | ᠤ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠤ᠌ | ||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠤ᠋ | ||||
| 1825 ᠥ oe | default | ᠥ | ᠥ᠊ | ᠊ᠥ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠥ᠍ |
| marked | ᠊ᠥ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠥ᠋ | |||
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠥ᠌ | ||||
| 1826 ᠦ ue | default | ᠦ | ᠦ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍ |
| marked | ᠊ᠦ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠋ | |||
| particle | ᠦ᠌ | ᠦ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠦ᠍ | |
| post_bowed | ᠊ᠦ᠌ | ||||
| 1828 ᠨ n | default | ᠨ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ |
| chachlag_onset | ᠊ᠨ᠋ | ||||
| onset | ᠊ᠨ᠋᠊ | ||||
| devsger | ᠊ᠨ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠨ᠌ | |||
| 1829 ᠩ ng | default | ᠩ | ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ᠊ | ᠊ᠩ |
| 182A ᠪ b | default | ᠪ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠊ᠪ |
| 182B ᠫ p | default | ᠫ | ᠫ᠊ | ᠊ᠫ᠊ | ᠊ᠫ |
| 182C ᠬ h | default | ᠬ | ᠬ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠬ |
| chachlag_onset | ᠊ᠬ | ||||
| masculine_onset | ᠬ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ | |||
| masculine_devsger | ᠊ᠬ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠬ | |||
| feminine | ᠬ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠬ᠌᠊ | |||
| 182D ᠭ g | default | ᠭ | ᠭ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠌ |
| chachlag_onset | ᠊ᠭ᠍ | ||||
| chachlag_onset_gb | ᠊ᠭ᠋ | ||||
| masculine_onset | ᠭ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠋᠊ | |||
| masculine_devsger | ᠊ᠭ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠋ | |||
| feminine | ᠭ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠌ | ||
| dotless | ᠊ᠭ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠭ᠋ | |||
| 182E ᠮ m | default | ᠮ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠊ᠮ |
| 182F ᠯ l | default | ᠯ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠊ᠯ |
| 1830 ᠰ s | default | ᠰ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠊ᠰ |
| 1831 ᠱ sh | default | ᠱ | ᠱ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠱ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠱ |
| dotless | ᠱ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠱ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1832 ᠲ t | default | ᠲ | ᠲ᠊ | ᠊ᠲ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠲ |
| devsger | ᠊ᠲ᠋᠊ | ||||
| 1833 ᠳ d | default | ᠳ | ᠳ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠳ |
| marked | ᠳ᠋᠊ | ||||
| onset | ᠳ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠳ᠋᠊ | |||
| devsger | ᠊ᠳ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠳ | |||
| particle | ᠳ᠋᠊ | ||||
| 1834 ᠴ ch | default | ᠴ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠊ᠴ |
| 1835 ᠵ j | default | ᠵ | ᠵ᠊ | ᠊ᠵ᠊ | ᠊ᠵ |
| chachlag_onset | ᠵ᠋ | ᠊ᠵ᠋ | |||
| 1836 ᠶ y | default | ᠶ | ᠶ᠌᠊ | ᠊ᠶ᠍᠊ | ᠊ᠶ |
| particle | ᠶ᠋᠊ | ᠊ᠶ᠋᠊ | |||
| 1837 ᠷ r | default | ᠷ | ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ᠊ | ᠊ᠷ |
| 1838 ᠸ w | default | ᠸ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠊ᠸ |
| chachlag_onset | ᠊ᠸ᠋ | ||||
| 1839 ᠹ f | default | ᠹ | ᠹ᠊ | ᠊ᠹ᠊ | ᠊ᠹ |
| 183A ᠺ k2 | default | ᠺ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠊ᠺ |
| 183B ᠻ k | default | ᠻ | ᠻ᠊ | ᠊ᠻ᠊ | ᠊ᠻ |
| 183C ᠼ c | default | ᠼ | ᠼ᠊ | ᠊ᠼ᠊ | ᠊ᠼ |
| 183D ᠽ z | default | ᠽ | ᠽ᠊ | ᠊ᠽ᠊ | ᠊ᠽ |
| 183E ᠾ hh | default | ᠾ | ᠾ᠊ | ᠊ᠾ᠊ | ᠊ᠾ |
| 183F ᠿ rh | default | ᠿ | ᠿ᠊ | ᠊ᠿ᠊ | ᠊ᠿ |
| 1840 ᡀ lh | default | ᡀ | ᡀ᠊ | ᠊ᡀ᠊ | ᠊ᡀ |
| 1841 ᡁ zr | default | ᡁ | ᡁ᠊ | ᠊ᡁ᠊ | ᠊ᡁ |
| 1842 ᡂ cr | default | ᡂ | ᡂ᠊ | ᠊ᡂ᠊ | ᠊ᡂ |
References
Section titled “References”-
Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2023.
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Information technology — Traditional Mongolian nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 25914—2010.
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Information technology — The Transferring rules of Traditional Mongolian nominal form to variant form. Mongolian Language and Script Digital Resource Construction and Sharing Project, Mongolian script standard for information processing, MGC/01-01, version 1.0.5 (June 18, 2021).
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Liang Jinbao. (2021). The Transferring rules of Traditional Mongolian nominal form to variant form. Research on Mongolian Encodings, version 1.0.5 (June 18, 2021).
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Quejingzhabu. (2013). “Encoding of Traditional Mongolian”, in: 确精扎布蒙古文信息处理专辑. Hohhot: Inner Mongolian Education Press, pp. 276–294.
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Mongolian Language Institute (Inner Mongolian University). (1999). 蒙汉词典 (增订本). Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press.
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Ядамжавын Цэвэл. (1966). Монгол Хэлний Товч Тайлбар Толь. Улаанбаатар: Улсын Хэвлэлийн Хэрэг Эрхлэх Хороо.
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Liang Hai. (2019). Towards a well-formed Mongolian specification that allows interoperable implementations. WG2 N5104 = L2/19–130 = MWG/3–N8R.
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Bayantoemoeriin Khaisan. (1917). 蒙漢合璧五方元音.